Dr. Christina Pakusch
Vita
Publikationen
2025
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Hahn, A., Pakusch, C. & Stevens, G. (2025)Avoidance rather than change: What influence does the price shock for mineral oils have on the mobility behaviour of users of motorised private transport in Germany?
IN Transportation Research Procedia, Vol. 82, Pages: 2815–2833 doi:10.1016/j.trpro.2024.12.221
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]One of the most significant challenges facing the world today is rapid climate change and the negative effects it is having on our environment. The transport sector is responsible for high CO2 emissions, and will have to make fundamental contributions to climate goal targets in the medium to long-term future. In the past, far-reaching measures have been tested regarding how to encourage people to switch from their own cars or motorised private transport (MPT) to the more emission-friendly local public transport (PT). Previous projects have only been able to convince people to switch temporarily through subsidised public transport. Detached from the ecological aspects, the turmoil in the global economy at the end of February 2022 resulted in a price shock in mineral oil prices, which shifted the primary focus of mobility behaviour from ecological to economic concerns. The logistic regression analysis of a quantitative survey (n = 611) in Germany confirms that a large number of journeys taken via private car were saved due to the increased price. However, despite high mineral oil prices, travelling by private car remains the primary means of transport for many people. Switching to public transport is particularly noticeable among women. This is due, among other things, to their lower incomes. Contrary to results of prior studies, the present analysis shows that participants from large cities have saved fewer trips by private car compared to people living in rural areas, even though large cities generally have a denser infrastructure with a more comprehensive range of mobility options. Travel time and reliability are the main factors in our respondents‘ choice of transport mode and are more compatible in large cities with denser public transport than in rural areas. The avoided car journeys are predominantly in the leisure sector and have not been substituted by other means of transport.
@article{hahn_avoidance_2025, series = {World {Conference} on {Transport} {Research} - {WCTR} 2023 {Montreal} 17-21 {July} 2023}, title = {Avoidance rather than change: {What} influence does the price shock for mineral oils have on the mobility behaviour of users of motorised private transport in {Germany}?}, volume = {82}, issn = {2352-1465}, shorttitle = {Avoidance rather than change}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352146524005209}, doi = {10.1016/j.trpro.2024.12.221}, abstract = {One of the most significant challenges facing the world today is rapid climate change and the negative effects it is having on our environment. The transport sector is responsible for high CO2 emissions, and will have to make fundamental contributions to climate goal targets in the medium to long-term future. In the past, far-reaching measures have been tested regarding how to encourage people to switch from their own cars or motorised private transport (MPT) to the more emission-friendly local public transport (PT). Previous projects have only been able to convince people to switch temporarily through subsidised public transport. Detached from the ecological aspects, the turmoil in the global economy at the end of February 2022 resulted in a price shock in mineral oil prices, which shifted the primary focus of mobility behaviour from ecological to economic concerns. The logistic regression analysis of a quantitative survey (n = 611) in Germany confirms that a large number of journeys taken via private car were saved due to the increased price. However, despite high mineral oil prices, travelling by private car remains the primary means of transport for many people. Switching to public transport is particularly noticeable among women. This is due, among other things, to their lower incomes. Contrary to results of prior studies, the present analysis shows that participants from large cities have saved fewer trips by private car compared to people living in rural areas, even though large cities generally have a denser infrastructure with a more comprehensive range of mobility options. Travel time and reliability are the main factors in our respondents' choice of transport mode and are more compatible in large cities with denser public transport than in rural areas. The avoided car journeys are predominantly in the leisure sector and have not been substituted by other means of transport.}, urldate = {2025-01-13}, journal = {Transportation Research Procedia}, author = {Hahn, Andreas and Pakusch, Christina and Stevens, Gunnar}, month = jan, year = {2025}, keywords = {mobility, Bonn, environmental benefits, modal shift, public transport, quantitative survey}, pages = {2815--2833}, }
2024
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Hahn, A., Pakusch, C. & Stevens, G. (2024)Low-fare public transport and modal shift – Lessons from Bonn, Germany
IN Journal of Urban Mobility, Vol. 6, Pages: 100082 doi:10.1016/j.urbmob.2024.100082
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]The air quality in many German cities does not comply with EU-wide standards. Vehicle emissions, in particular, have been identified as an important cause of air pollution. As a result, driving bans for diesel vehicles with critical pollutant groups have been imposed by courts in many places in recent history. Against the backdrop of the growth of major German cities over the last few years, the question has become whether and how a change in the modal split in favor of more environmentally and climate-friendly public transport sector can be achieved. The Federal City of Bonn is one of five model cities that is testing measures to reduce traffic-related nitrogen dioxide emissions through a Climate Ticket as a mobility flat rate for one year for 365 €, which is part of the two-year „Lead City“ project funded by the federal government. A quantitative survey (n = 1,315) of Climate Ticket users as well as the logistic regression carried out confirm that a change in individual mobility behavior in favor of public transport is possible by subsidizing the ticket price. The results show that individual traffic could be saved on the city’s main congestion axes. In order to achieve a sustainable improvement in air quality, such a Climate Ticket must be granted on a permanent basis, with a well-designed mobility offer and must be generous in terms of the group of authorized persons and the area of validity.
@article{hahn_low-fare_2024, title = {Low-fare public transport and modal shift – {Lessons} from {Bonn}, {Germany}}, volume = {6}, issn = {2667-0917}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667091724000128}, doi = {10.1016/j.urbmob.2024.100082}, abstract = {The air quality in many German cities does not comply with EU-wide standards. Vehicle emissions, in particular, have been identified as an important cause of air pollution. As a result, driving bans for diesel vehicles with critical pollutant groups have been imposed by courts in many places in recent history. Against the backdrop of the growth of major German cities over the last few years, the question has become whether and how a change in the modal split in favor of more environmentally and climate-friendly public transport sector can be achieved. The Federal City of Bonn is one of five model cities that is testing measures to reduce traffic-related nitrogen dioxide emissions through a Climate Ticket as a mobility flat rate for one year for 365 €, which is part of the two-year "Lead City" project funded by the federal government. A quantitative survey (n = 1,315) of Climate Ticket users as well as the logistic regression carried out confirm that a change in individual mobility behavior in favor of public transport is possible by subsidizing the ticket price. The results show that individual traffic could be saved on the city's main congestion axes. In order to achieve a sustainable improvement in air quality, such a Climate Ticket must be granted on a permanent basis, with a well-designed mobility offer and must be generous in terms of the group of authorized persons and the area of validity.}, urldate = {2024-06-27}, journal = {Journal of Urban Mobility}, author = {Hahn, Andreas and Pakusch, Christina and Stevens, Gunnar}, month = dec, year = {2024}, keywords = {Mobility, Modal shift, Public transport, Bonn, Environmental benefits, Quantitative survey}, pages = {100082}, } -
Hahn, A., Pakusch, C. & Stevens, G. (2024)Was the low-fare public transport in Bonn a success? An evaluation of the climate ticket users and lessons for transportation companies
IN Case Studies on Transport Policy, Vol. 15, Pages: 101158 doi:10.1016/j.cstp.2024.101158
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]The transport sector is a major source of air pollution and thus a major contributor to the changing climate. As a result, in the recent past, driving bans have been imposed on cars with critical pollutant groups. As an international UN campus and self-proclaimed climate capital, the Federal City of Bonn declared a climate emergency in 2019 and participated in a federally funded “Lead City” project to optimise air quality. A key goal of the project is to reduce private motorised transport and strengthen public transport. Among the implemented measures, a “climate ticket” was introduced in 2019 whereby consumers could purchase an annual 365 € ticket for all local public transport. This paper reports on an analysis of that ticket’s changes in travel behavior. A quantitative survey (n = 1,315) of the climate ticket users as well as the multiple regressions confirm that the climate ticket attracted more customers to the buses and trams and that a modal shift for the period of the measure was recognisable. The multiple regressions showed that the ticket was perceived significantly more positively by full-time employed users than by unemployed people. The results also show that, in addition to the price, it is essential that travel time and reliability are ensured. Furthermore, the eligible groups of people, the area of coverage, and good connecting services should be extended. To sustainably improve air quality, this type of mobility service must be optimised and introduced on a permanent basis.
@article{hahn_was_2024, title = {Was the low-fare public transport in {Bonn} a success? {An} evaluation of the climate ticket users and lessons for transportation companies}, volume = {15}, issn = {2213-624X}, shorttitle = {Was the low-fare public transport in {Bonn} a success?}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213624X24000130}, doi = {10.1016/j.cstp.2024.101158}, abstract = {The transport sector is a major source of air pollution and thus a major contributor to the changing climate. As a result, in the recent past, driving bans have been imposed on cars with critical pollutant groups. As an international UN campus and self-proclaimed climate capital, the Federal City of Bonn declared a climate emergency in 2019 and participated in a federally funded “Lead City” project to optimise air quality. A key goal of the project is to reduce private motorised transport and strengthen public transport. Among the implemented measures, a “climate ticket” was introduced in 2019 whereby consumers could purchase an annual 365 € ticket for all local public transport. This paper reports on an analysis of that ticket’s changes in travel behavior. A quantitative survey (n = 1,315) of the climate ticket users as well as the multiple regressions confirm that the climate ticket attracted more customers to the buses and trams and that a modal shift for the period of the measure was recognisable. The multiple regressions showed that the ticket was perceived significantly more positively by full-time employed users than by unemployed people. The results also show that, in addition to the price, it is essential that travel time and reliability are ensured. Furthermore, the eligible groups of people, the area of coverage, and good connecting services should be extended. To sustainably improve air quality, this type of mobility service must be optimised and introduced on a permanent basis.}, urldate = {2024-02-22}, journal = {Case Studies on Transport Policy}, author = {Hahn, Andreas and Pakusch, Christina and Stevens, Gunnar}, month = mar, year = {2024}, keywords = {Mobility, Modal shift, Public transport, Bonn, Environmental benefits, Quantitative survey}, pages = {101158}, } -
Dethier, E., Bossauer, P., Pakusch, C. & Schreiber, D. (2024)Digitaler Haushalt und Markt
IN Boden, A., Stevens, G., Recki, L., Bossauer, P. & Schreiber, D. (Eds.), Verbraucherinformatik: Grundlagen und Anwendungsfelder der digitalen Konsumgesellschaft Berlin, Heidelberg doi:10.1007/978-3-662-68706-2_3
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]In diesem Kapitel werden die Perspektive des Privathaushalts und die Perspektive des Marktes erörtert. Ein:e Verbraucher:in, welche:r innerhalb eines Haushalts zur Bedürfnisbefriedigung wirtschaftet, erledigt dabei Hausarbeit durch Kochen, Putzen, Waschen, tätigt den Abschluss von Verträgen, die Pflege von Einkaufslisten oder eine Finanzplanung. Dabei haben Verbraucher:innen unterschiedliche Praktiken und Bewältigungsstrategien entwickelt, die es in der Verbraucherinformatik zu analysieren gilt. Physische Hausarbeit wird bereits im Smart-Home-Kontext durch intelligente Maschinen (oft Roboter genannt) ausgelagert. Kognitive Hausarbeit im alltäglichen Handeln (bspw. bei Verträgen) kann und wird in Zukunft durch Software wie auch Intermediäre unterstützt werden. Digitale Märkte stellen eine häufige Form der Intermediation dar, die Besonderheiten und Effekten unterliegt, welche das Verbraucherverhalten beeinflussen können. So gewinnen zum Beispiel einige wenige Anbieter mithilfe von Netzwerkeffekten, Skaleneffekten und Lock-in-Effekten zunehmend an Marktdominanz und verdrängen kleinere Anbieter, was zu Quasimonopolen führen kann. Digitale Märkte zeichnen sich zudem durch ihre Vertrauensfunktion in der Internet-Ökonomie aus.
@incollection{dethier_digitaler_2024, address = {Berlin, Heidelberg}, title = {Digitaler {Haushalt} und {Markt}}, isbn = {978-3-662-68706-2}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-68706-2_3}, abstract = {In diesem Kapitel werden die Perspektive des Privathaushalts und die Perspektive des Marktes erörtert. Ein:e Verbraucher:in, welche:r innerhalb eines Haushalts zur Bedürfnisbefriedigung wirtschaftet, erledigt dabei Hausarbeit durch Kochen, Putzen, Waschen, tätigt den Abschluss von Verträgen, die Pflege von Einkaufslisten oder eine Finanzplanung. Dabei haben Verbraucher:innen unterschiedliche Praktiken und Bewältigungsstrategien entwickelt, die es in der Verbraucherinformatik zu analysieren gilt. Physische Hausarbeit wird bereits im Smart-Home-Kontext durch intelligente Maschinen (oft Roboter genannt) ausgelagert. Kognitive Hausarbeit im alltäglichen Handeln (bspw. bei Verträgen) kann und wird in Zukunft durch Software wie auch Intermediäre unterstützt werden. Digitale Märkte stellen eine häufige Form der Intermediation dar, die Besonderheiten und Effekten unterliegt, welche das Verbraucherverhalten beeinflussen können. So gewinnen zum Beispiel einige wenige Anbieter mithilfe von Netzwerkeffekten, Skaleneffekten und Lock-in-Effekten zunehmend an Marktdominanz und verdrängen kleinere Anbieter, was zu Quasimonopolen führen kann. Digitale Märkte zeichnen sich zudem durch ihre Vertrauensfunktion in der Internet-Ökonomie aus.}, language = {de}, urldate = {2024-05-23}, booktitle = {Verbraucherinformatik: {Grundlagen} und {Anwendungsfelder} der digitalen {Konsumgesellschaft}}, publisher = {Springer}, author = {Dethier, Erik and Bossauer, Paul and Pakusch, Christina and Schreiber, Dirk}, editor = {Boden, Alexander and Stevens, Gunnar and Recki, Lena and Bossauer, Paul and Schreiber, Dirk}, year = {2024}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-662-68706-2_3}, pages = {85--133}, } -
Recki, L., Kroth, K., Krauß, V., Klöckner, L., Pakusch, C., Bossauer, P., Böhm, L., Peters, F., Stöbitsch, A. & Boden, A. (2024)Digitale Verantwortung
IN Boden, A., Stevens, G., Recki, L., Bossauer, P. & Schreiber, D. (Eds.), Verbraucherinformatik: Grundlagen und Anwendungsfelder der digitalen Konsumgesellschaft Berlin, Heidelberg doi:10.1007/978-3-662-68706-2_5
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]Die Verbreitung digitaler Systeme beeinflusst Entscheidungen, Gesetze, Verhalten und Werte in unserer Gesellschaft. Dies wirkt sich auf Konsumgewohnheiten, Marktbeziehungen, Machtverteilung, Privatsphäre und IT-Sicherheit aus. Damit einhergehende Veränderungen haben direkte Auswirkungen auf unser Leben, was im Bereich der Technikfolgenabschätzung bzw. der angewandten Informatik unter dem Stichwort ELSI diskutiert wird. Dieses Kapitel fokussiert auf entsprechende Fragestellungen bezüglich ethischer Auswirkungen. Insbesondere rückt Fairness im Kontext automatisierter Entscheidungen in den Fokus, da Verbraucher:innen diesen zunehmend ausgesetzt sind. Zudem wird im Rahmen der gestiegenen Besorgnis über ökologische Auswirkungen das Thema Nachhaltigkeit am Beispiel von „Sharing Economy“ und „Shared Mobility“ weiter vertieft.
@incollection{recki_digitale_2024, address = {Berlin, Heidelberg}, title = {Digitale {Verantwortung}}, isbn = {978-3-662-68706-2}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-68706-2_5}, abstract = {Die Verbreitung digitaler Systeme beeinflusst Entscheidungen, Gesetze, Verhalten und Werte in unserer Gesellschaft. Dies wirkt sich auf Konsumgewohnheiten, Marktbeziehungen, Machtverteilung, Privatsphäre und IT-Sicherheit aus. Damit einhergehende Veränderungen haben direkte Auswirkungen auf unser Leben, was im Bereich der Technikfolgenabschätzung bzw. der angewandten Informatik unter dem Stichwort ELSI diskutiert wird. Dieses Kapitel fokussiert auf entsprechende Fragestellungen bezüglich ethischer Auswirkungen. Insbesondere rückt Fairness im Kontext automatisierter Entscheidungen in den Fokus, da Verbraucher:innen diesen zunehmend ausgesetzt sind. Zudem wird im Rahmen der gestiegenen Besorgnis über ökologische Auswirkungen das Thema Nachhaltigkeit am Beispiel von „Sharing Economy“ und „Shared Mobility“ weiter vertieft.}, language = {de}, urldate = {2024-05-23}, booktitle = {Verbraucherinformatik: {Grundlagen} und {Anwendungsfelder} der digitalen {Konsumgesellschaft}}, publisher = {Springer}, author = {Recki, Lena and Kroth, Kalvin and Krauß, Veronika and Klöckner, Lena and Pakusch, Christina and Bossauer, Paul and Böhm, Lukas and Peters, Felix and Stöbitsch, Ariane and Boden, Alexander}, editor = {Boden, Alexander and Stevens, Gunnar and Recki, Lena and Bossauer, Paul and Schreiber, Dirk}, year = {2024}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-662-68706-2_5}, pages = {203--260}, }
2023
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Hahn, A., Pakusch, C. & Stevens, G. (2023)The impact of service expansion on modal shift from private car to public transport. A quantitative analysis in the Bonn/Rhein-Sieg area, Germany
IN Journal of Urban Mobility, Vol. 4, Pages: 100064 doi:10.1016/j.urbmob.2023.100064
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]Vehicle emissions have been identified as a cause of air pollution and one of the major reasons why air quality in many large German cities such as Berlin, Bonn, Hamburg, Cologne or Munich does not meet EU-wide limits. As a result, in the recent past, judicial driving bans on diesel vehicles have been imposed in many places since those vehicles emit critical pollutant groups. For the increasing urban population, the challenge is whether and how a change of the modal split in favor of the more environmentally and climate-friendly public transport can be achieved. This paper presents the case of the Federal City of Bonn, one of five model cities sponsored by the German federal government that are testing measures to reduce traffic-related pollutant emissions by expanding the range of public transport services on offer. We present the results of a quantitative survey (N = 14,296) performed in the Bonn/Rhein-Sieg area and the neighboring municipalities as well as the ensuing logistic regressions confirming that a change in individual mobility behavior in favor of public transport is possible through expanding services. Our results show that individual traffic could be reduced, especially on the city’s main traffic axes. To sustainably improve air quality, such services must be made permanently available.
@article{hahn_impact_2023, title = {The impact of service expansion on modal shift from private car to public transport. {A} quantitative analysis in the {Bonn}/{Rhein}-{Sieg} area, {Germany}}, volume = {4}, issn = {2667-0917}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667091723000201}, doi = {10.1016/j.urbmob.2023.100064}, abstract = {Vehicle emissions have been identified as a cause of air pollution and one of the major reasons why air quality in many large German cities such as Berlin, Bonn, Hamburg, Cologne or Munich does not meet EU-wide limits. As a result, in the recent past, judicial driving bans on diesel vehicles have been imposed in many places since those vehicles emit critical pollutant groups. For the increasing urban population, the challenge is whether and how a change of the modal split in favor of the more environmentally and climate-friendly public transport can be achieved. This paper presents the case of the Federal City of Bonn, one of five model cities sponsored by the German federal government that are testing measures to reduce traffic-related pollutant emissions by expanding the range of public transport services on offer. We present the results of a quantitative survey (N = 14,296) performed in the Bonn/Rhein-Sieg area and the neighboring municipalities as well as the ensuing logistic regressions confirming that a change in individual mobility behavior in favor of public transport is possible through expanding services. Our results show that individual traffic could be reduced, especially on the city's main traffic axes. To sustainably improve air quality, such services must be made permanently available.}, urldate = {2023-10-04}, journal = {Journal of Urban Mobility}, author = {Hahn, Andreas and Pakusch, Christina and Stevens, Gunnar}, month = dec, year = {2023}, keywords = {Sustainability, Mobility, Modal shift, Public transport, Service expansion}, pages = {100064}, } -
Neifer, T., Bossauer, P., Pakusch, C., Boehm, L. & Lawo, D. (2023)Trust-Building in Peer-to-Peer Carsharing: Design Case Study for Algorithm-Based Reputation Systems
IN Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) doi:10.1007/s10606-022-09461-4
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]Peer-to-peer sharing platforms become increasingly important in the platform economy. From an HCI-perspective, this development is of high interest, as those platforms mediate between different users. Such mediation entails dealing with various social issues, e.g., building trust between peers online without any physical presence. Peer ratings have proven to be an important mechanism in this regard. At the same time, scoring via car telematics become more common for risk assessment by car insurances. Since user ratings face crucial problems such as fake or biased ratings, we conducted a design case study to determine whether algorithm-based scoring has the potential to improve trust-building in P2P-carsharing. We started with 16 problem-centered interviews to examine how people understand algorithm-based scoring, we co-designed an app with scored profiles, and finally evaluated it with 12 participants. Our findings show that scoring systems can support trust-building in P2P-carsharing and give insights how they should be designed.
@article{neifer_trust-building_2023, title = {Trust-{Building} in {Peer}-to-{Peer} {Carsharing}: {Design} {Case} {Study} for {Algorithm}-{Based} {Reputation} {Systems}}, issn = {1573-7551}, shorttitle = {Trust-{Building} in {Peer}-to-{Peer} {Carsharing}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10606-022-09461-4}, doi = {10.1007/s10606-022-09461-4}, abstract = {Peer-to-peer sharing platforms become increasingly important in the platform economy. From an HCI-perspective, this development is of high interest, as those platforms mediate between different users. Such mediation entails dealing with various social issues, e.g., building trust between peers online without any physical presence. Peer ratings have proven to be an important mechanism in this regard. At the same time, scoring via car telematics become more common for risk assessment by car insurances. Since user ratings face crucial problems such as fake or biased ratings, we conducted a design case study to determine whether algorithm-based scoring has the potential to improve trust-building in P2P-carsharing. We started with 16 problem-centered interviews to examine how people understand algorithm-based scoring, we co-designed an app with scored profiles, and finally evaluated it with 12 participants. Our findings show that scoring systems can support trust-building in P2P-carsharing and give insights how they should be designed.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2023-05-23}, journal = {Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)}, author = {Neifer, Thomas and Bossauer, Paul and Pakusch, Christina and Boehm, Lukas and Lawo, Dennis}, month = may, year = {2023}, keywords = {Car Telematics, P2P carsharing, Reputation systems, Scoring, Trust}, }
2022
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Böhm, L., Peters, F., Bossauer, P., Lawo, D., Pakusch, C. & Stevens, G. (2022)Designing a Mobility Intelligence System for Decision-making with Shared Mobility Data
, Publisher: IEEE Computer Society, Pages: 53–64 doi:10.1109/ICT4S55073.2022.00017
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]Shared mobility has the potential to become an important driver for sustainable mobility. However, the rapid growth of services in already congested urban areas presents cities with major challenges. It becomes apparent that cities lack tools to manage mobility across all shared mobility services. We propose a mobility intelligence system for cities to leverage the vast amounts of data generated by shared fleets for decision-making. The system is designed to support cities in monitoring, regulating, and optimizing shared mobility. A dashboard provides access to data across all different services. Besides tools for regulating providers, e.g., with no-parking zones, we also provide access to mobility-specific machine learning methods, such as demand prediction. We rely on open source standards for data sharing between cities and providers to facilitate collaboration. The system is designed and implemented as a prototype based on requirements from discussions with cities, public transport agencies, and mobility researchers. As part of the evaluation, eight shared mobility experts tested the system. The results validate the system&\#x2019;s usability for three task scenarios while also revealing potential for future research and development.
@inproceedings{bohm_designing_2022, title = {Designing a {Mobility} {Intelligence} {System} for {Decision}-making with {Shared} {Mobility} {Data}}, isbn = {978-1-66548-286-8}, url = {https://www.computer.org/csdl/proceedings-article/ict4s/2022/828600a053/1F8zr9UJ8Qg}, doi = {10.1109/ICT4S55073.2022.00017}, abstract = {Shared mobility has the potential to become an important driver for sustainable mobility. However, the rapid growth of services in already congested urban areas presents cities with major challenges. It becomes apparent that cities lack tools to manage mobility across all shared mobility services. We propose a mobility intelligence system for cities to leverage the vast amounts of data generated by shared fleets for decision-making. The system is designed to support cities in monitoring, regulating, and optimizing shared mobility. A dashboard provides access to data across all different services. Besides tools for regulating providers, e.g., with no-parking zones, we also provide access to mobility-specific machine learning methods, such as demand prediction. We rely on open source standards for data sharing between cities and providers to facilitate collaboration. The system is designed and implemented as a prototype based on requirements from discussions with cities, public transport agencies, and mobility researchers. As part of the evaluation, eight shared mobility experts tested the system. The results validate the system\&\#x2019;s usability for three task scenarios while also revealing potential for future research and development.}, language = {English}, urldate = {2022-08-09}, publisher = {IEEE Computer Society}, author = {Böhm, Lukas and Peters, Felix and Bossauer, Paul and Lawo, Dennis and Pakusch, Christina and Stevens, Gunnar}, month = jun, year = {2022}, pages = {53--64}, }
2021
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Lawo, D., Böhm, L., Flügge, A., Pakusch, C. & Stevens, G. (2021)Going Car-free: Investigating Mobility Practice Transformations and the Role of ICT
, Publisher: SciTePress, Science and Technology Publications, Pages: 36–47
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]With the debates on climate change and sustainability, a reduction of the share of cars in the modal split has become increasingly prevalent in both public and academic discourse. Besides some motivational approaches, there is a lack of ICT artifacts that successfully raise the ability of consumers to adopt sustainable mobility patterns. To further understand the requirements and the design of these artifacts within everyday mobility adopted a practice-lens. This lens is helpful to get a broader perspective on the use of ICT artifacts along consumers’ transformational journey towards sustainable mobility practices. Based on 12 retrospective interviews with car-free mobility consumers, we argue that artifacts should not be viewed as ’magic-bullet’ solutions but should accompany the complex transformation of practices in multifaceted ways. Moreover, we highlight in particular the difficulties of appropriating shared infrastructures and aligning own practices with them. This opens up a design space to provide more support for these kinds of material-interactions, to provide access to consumption infrastructures and make them usable, rather than leaving consumers alone with increased motivation.
@inproceedings{lawo_going_2021, title = {Going {Car}-free: {Investigating} {Mobility} {Practice} {Transformations} and the {Role} of {ICT}}, isbn = {978-989-758-538-8}, shorttitle = {Going {Car}-free}, url = {https://pub.h-brs.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/5996}, abstract = {With the debates on climate change and sustainability, a reduction of the share of cars in the modal split has become increasingly prevalent in both public and academic discourse. Besides some motivational approaches, there is a lack of ICT artifacts that successfully raise the ability of consumers to adopt sustainable mobility patterns. To further understand the requirements and the design of these artifacts within everyday mobility adopted a practice-lens. This lens is helpful to get a broader perspective on the use of ICT artifacts along consumers’ transformational journey towards sustainable mobility practices. Based on 12 retrospective interviews with car-free mobility consumers, we argue that artifacts should not be viewed as ’magic-bullet’ solutions but should accompany the complex transformation of practices in multifaceted ways. Moreover, we highlight in particular the difficulties of appropriating shared infrastructures and aligning own practices with them. This opens up a design space to provide more support for these kinds of material-interactions, to provide access to consumption infrastructures and make them usable, rather than leaving consumers alone with increased motivation.}, language = {eng}, urldate = {2021-11-16}, publisher = {SciTePress, Science and Technology Publications}, author = {Lawo, Dennis and Böhm, Lukas and Flügge, Anna-Katharina and Pakusch, Christina and Stevens, Gunnar}, month = nov, year = {2021}, pages = {36--47}, } -
Pakusch, C., Boden, A., Stein, M. & Stevens, G. (2021)The Automation of the Taxi Industry – Taxi Drivers’ Expectations and Attitudes Towards the Future of their Work
IN Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) doi:10.1007/s10606-021-09408-1
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]Advocates of autonomous driving predict that the occupation of taxi driver could be made obsolete by shared autonomous vehicles (SAV) in the long term. Conducting interviews with German taxi drivers, we investigate how they perceive the changes caused by advancing automation for the future of their business. Our study contributes insights into how the work of taxi drivers could change given the advent of autonomous driving: While the task of driving could be taken over by SAVs for standard trips, taxi drivers are certain that other areas of their work such as providing supplementary services and assistance to passengers would constitute a limit to such forms of automation, but probably involving a shifting role for the taxi drivers, one which focuses on the sociality of the work. Our findings illustrate how taxi drivers see the future of their work, suggesting design implications for tools that take various forms of assistance into account, and demonstrating how important it is to consider taxi drivers in the co-design of future taxis and SAV services.
@article{pakusch_automation_2021, title = {The {Automation} of the {Taxi} {Industry} – {Taxi} {Drivers}’ {Expectations} and {Attitudes} {Towards} the {Future} of their {Work}}, issn = {1573-7551}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10606-021-09408-1}, doi = {10.1007/s10606-021-09408-1}, abstract = {Advocates of autonomous driving predict that the occupation of taxi driver could be made obsolete by shared autonomous vehicles (SAV) in the long term. Conducting interviews with German taxi drivers, we investigate how they perceive the changes caused by advancing automation for the future of their business. Our study contributes insights into how the work of taxi drivers could change given the advent of autonomous driving: While the task of driving could be taken over by SAVs for standard trips, taxi drivers are certain that other areas of their work such as providing supplementary services and assistance to passengers would constitute a limit to such forms of automation, but probably involving a shifting role for the taxi drivers, one which focuses on the sociality of the work. Our findings illustrate how taxi drivers see the future of their work, suggesting design implications for tools that take various forms of assistance into account, and demonstrating how important it is to consider taxi drivers in the co-design of future taxis and SAV services.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2021-09-13}, journal = {Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)}, author = {Pakusch, Christina and Boden, Alexander and Stein, Martin and Stevens, Gunnar}, month = sep, year = {2021}, }
2020
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Pakusch, C., Meurer, J., Tolmie, P. & Stevens, G. (2020)Traditional taxis vs automated taxis – Does the driver matter for Millennials?
IN Travel Behaviour and Society, Vol. 21, Pages: 214–225 doi:10.1016/j.tbs.2020.06.009
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]It is anticipated that autonomous vehicles will have a huge impact on the creation of sustainable smart cities and communities. One of the key concerns regarding autonomous vehicles is how automation may threaten jobs in the transport industry, including the traditional role of taxi drivers. To begin to explore how important an actual taxi driver is to customers and the extent to which they might be happy to have autonomous taxis replace traditional taxis, we conducted qualitative interviews with 34 Millennial-aged participants. These were problem-centered narrative interviews, largely conducted face-to-face, and analyzed using thematic analysis. Millennials were focused upon because, given current figures and likely future projections of use, they form the key market for prospective future autonomous taxis. The results show that the kind of taxi rides Millennials make are particularly suitable for automated taxis because interaction with a human driver is not a high priority for this group, while the prospect of autonomous taxis being cheaper is. Meanwhile the fate of taxi drivers does not play a significant part in how Millennials reason about this. An incidental finding, here, is that, by offering a convenient and affordable alternative, the advent of automated taxis may also pose a threat to public transportation.
@article{pakusch_traditional_2020, title = {Traditional taxis vs automated taxis – {Does} the driver matter for {Millennials}?}, volume = {21}, issn = {2214-367X}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214367X20301897}, doi = {10.1016/j.tbs.2020.06.009}, abstract = {It is anticipated that autonomous vehicles will have a huge impact on the creation of sustainable smart cities and communities. One of the key concerns regarding autonomous vehicles is how automation may threaten jobs in the transport industry, including the traditional role of taxi drivers. To begin to explore how important an actual taxi driver is to customers and the extent to which they might be happy to have autonomous taxis replace traditional taxis, we conducted qualitative interviews with 34 Millennial-aged participants. These were problem-centered narrative interviews, largely conducted face-to-face, and analyzed using thematic analysis. Millennials were focused upon because, given current figures and likely future projections of use, they form the key market for prospective future autonomous taxis. The results show that the kind of taxi rides Millennials make are particularly suitable for automated taxis because interaction with a human driver is not a high priority for this group, while the prospect of autonomous taxis being cheaper is. Meanwhile the fate of taxi drivers does not play a significant part in how Millennials reason about this. An incidental finding, here, is that, by offering a convenient and affordable alternative, the advent of automated taxis may also pose a threat to public transportation.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2021-04-16}, journal = {Travel Behaviour and Society}, author = {Pakusch, Christina and Meurer, Johanna and Tolmie, Peter and Stevens, Gunnar}, month = oct, year = {2020}, keywords = {Qualitative research, Automated taxis, Interview study, Millennials, Mobility behavior, Shared autonomous vehicles, Sharing economies, Social sustainability, Travel mode choice}, pages = {214--225}, } -
Meurer, J., Pakusch, C., Stevens, G., Randall, D. & Wulf, V. (2020)A Wizard of Oz Study on Passengers‘ Experiences of a Robo-Taxi Service in Real-Life Settings
Proceedings of the 2020 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference. New York, NY, USA, Publisher: Association for Computing Machinery, Pages: 1365–1377 doi:10.1145/3357236.3395465
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]Autonomous driving enables new mobility concepts such as shared-autonomous services. Although significant re-search has been done on passenger-car interaction, work on passenger interaction with robo-taxis is still rare. In this paper, we tackle the question of how passengers experience robo-taxis as a service in real-life settings to inform the interaction design. We conducted a Wizard of Oz study with an electric vehicle where the driver was hidden from the passenger to simulate the service experience of a robo-taxi. 10 participants had the opportunity to use the simulated shared-autonomous service in real-life situations for one week. By the week’s end, 33 rides were completed and recorded on video. Also, we flanked the study conducting interviews before and after with all participants. The findings provided insights into four design themes that could inform the service design of robo-taxis along the different stages including hailing, pick-up, travel, and drop-off.
@inproceedings{meurer_wizard_2020, address = {New York, NY, USA}, series = {{DIS} '20}, title = {A {Wizard} of {Oz} {Study} on {Passengers}' {Experiences} of a {Robo}-{Taxi} {Service} in {Real}-{Life} {Settings}}, isbn = {978-1-4503-6974-9}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3357236.3395465}, doi = {10.1145/3357236.3395465}, abstract = {Autonomous driving enables new mobility concepts such as shared-autonomous services. Although significant re-search has been done on passenger-car interaction, work on passenger interaction with robo-taxis is still rare. In this paper, we tackle the question of how passengers experience robo-taxis as a service in real-life settings to inform the interaction design. We conducted a Wizard of Oz study with an electric vehicle where the driver was hidden from the passenger to simulate the service experience of a robo-taxi. 10 participants had the opportunity to use the simulated shared-autonomous service in real-life situations for one week. By the week's end, 33 rides were completed and recorded on video. Also, we flanked the study conducting interviews before and after with all participants. The findings provided insights into four design themes that could inform the service design of robo-taxis along the different stages including hailing, pick-up, travel, and drop-off.}, urldate = {2021-04-15}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2020 {ACM} {Designing} {Interactive} {Systems} {Conference}}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, author = {Meurer, Johanna and Pakusch, Christina and Stevens, Gunnar and Randall, Dave and Wulf, Volker}, month = jul, year = {2020}, keywords = {passengers, robo-taxi, service design, shared autonomous vehicles, wizard of oz}, pages = {1365--1377}, } -
Pakusch, C., Bossauer, P., Meurer, J. & Stevens, G. (2020)Walking the Tightrope: Designing Autonomous Vehicles for Comfort and for Sustainability
Given current traffic problems, transport-induced air pollution and climate damaging emissions, researchers are investigating potentials of autonomous vehicles (AVs) to contribute to a more sustainable mobility. Some studies, however, indicate that the introduction of AVs may cause rebound effects that could further harm the environment such unintended modal shifts. Currently focusing on user experience design, there is an urgent need for HCI researchers to consider such negative consequences in order to responsibly design sustainable AVs.
@book{pakusch_walking_2020, title = {Walking the {Tightrope}: {Designing} {Autonomous} {Vehicles} for {Comfort} and for {Sustainability}}, shorttitle = {Walking the {Tightrope}}, abstract = {Given current traffic problems, transport-induced air pollution and climate damaging emissions, researchers are investigating potentials of autonomous vehicles (AVs) to contribute to a more sustainable mobility. Some studies, however, indicate that the introduction of AVs may cause rebound effects that could further harm the environment such unintended modal shifts. Currently focusing on user experience design, there is an urgent need for HCI researchers to consider such negative consequences in order to responsibly design sustainable AVs.}, author = {Pakusch, Christina and Bossauer, Paul and Meurer, Johanna and Stevens, Gunnar}, month = apr, year = {2020}, } -
Bossauer, P., Neifer, T., Stevens, G. & Pakusch, C. (2020)Trust versus Privacy: Using Connected Car Data in Peer-to-Peer Carsharing
Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York, NY, USA, Publisher: Association for Computing Machinery, Pages: 1–13 doi:10.1145/3313831.3376555
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]Trust is the lubricant of the sharing economy. This is true especially in peer-to-peer carsharing, in which one leaves a highly valuable good to a stranger in the hope of getting it back unscathed. Nowadays, ratings of other users are major mechanisms for establishing trust. To foster uptake of peer-to-peer carsharing, connected car technology opens new possibilities to support trust-building, e.g., by adding driving behavior statistics to users‘ profiles. However, collecting such data intrudes into rentees‘ privacy. To explore the tension between the need for trust and privacy demands, we conducted three focus group and eight individual interviews. Our results show that connected car technologies can increase trust for car owners and rentees not only before but also during and after rentals. The design of such systems must allow a differentiation between information in terms of type, the context, and the negotiability of information disclosure.
@inproceedings{bossauer_trust_2020, address = {New York, NY, USA}, series = {{CHI} '20}, title = {Trust versus {Privacy}: {Using} {Connected} {Car} {Data} in {Peer}-to-{Peer} {Carsharing}}, isbn = {978-1-4503-6708-0}, shorttitle = {Trust versus {Privacy}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376555}, doi = {10.1145/3313831.3376555}, abstract = {Trust is the lubricant of the sharing economy. This is true especially in peer-to-peer carsharing, in which one leaves a highly valuable good to a stranger in the hope of getting it back unscathed. Nowadays, ratings of other users are major mechanisms for establishing trust. To foster uptake of peer-to-peer carsharing, connected car technology opens new possibilities to support trust-building, e.g., by adding driving behavior statistics to users' profiles. However, collecting such data intrudes into rentees' privacy. To explore the tension between the need for trust and privacy demands, we conducted three focus group and eight individual interviews. Our results show that connected car technologies can increase trust for car owners and rentees not only before but also during and after rentals. The design of such systems must allow a differentiation between information in terms of type, the context, and the negotiability of information disclosure.}, urldate = {2021-04-15}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2020 {CHI} {Conference} on {Human} {Factors} in {Computing} {Systems}}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, author = {Bossauer, Paul and Neifer, Thomas and Stevens, Gunnar and Pakusch, Christina}, month = apr, year = {2020}, keywords = {a-paper, privacy, connected car, peer-to-peer carsharing, trust}, pages = {1--13}, } -
Bossauer, P., Schreiber, D., Neifer, T., Pakusch, C. & Stevens, G. (2020)Dezentralisierung der Sharing Economy – Potentiale Blockchain-basierter Sharing-Plattformen
Wirtschaftsinformatik. doi:10.30844/wi_2020_b3-bossauer
[BibTeX] [Abstract]Bei genauer Betrachtung heutiger Sharing Plattformen wie AirBnB, Uber, Drivy oder Fairleihen fallt auf, dass diese eines gemein haben. Als Plattformokonomien basieren sie auf mindestens zwei Nutzergruppen, Anbietern und Nachfragern fur Guter oder Dienstleistungen. Ein Problem solcher zweioder mehrseitigen Markte ist jedoch haufig, dass der Wertezuwachs, der durch die Nutzer generiert wird, nicht gleichmasig unter der Plattform und den aktiven Nutzern verteilt wird, sondern meist ausschlieslich als Gewinn an die Plattformen geht. Mit der Blockchain-Technologie konnte dieses Problem gelost werden, indem der Informations- und Wertetransfer sicher und dezentral organisiert wird und viele Funktionen traditioneller Intermediare dadurch obsolet werden. Diese Arbeit bietet einen Uberblick uber Anwendungsfelder und das Grundkonzept der Sharing Economy. Wir zeigen auf, wie sich Geschaftsmodelle und Infrastrukturen in einer Blockchain abbilden lassen, welche Potentiale eine Blockchain-basierte Infrastruktur bietet, wann diese in der Sharing Economy sinnvoll sein kann und welche Probleme dadurch gelost werden konnen.
@inproceedings{bossauer_dezentralisierung_2020, title = {Dezentralisierung der {Sharing} {Economy} - {Potentiale} {Blockchain}-basierter {Sharing}-{Plattformen}}, doi = {10.30844/wi_2020_b3-bossauer}, abstract = {Bei genauer Betrachtung heutiger Sharing Plattformen wie AirBnB, Uber, Drivy oder Fairleihen fallt auf, dass diese eines gemein haben. Als Plattformokonomien basieren sie auf mindestens zwei Nutzergruppen, Anbietern und Nachfragern fur Guter oder Dienstleistungen. Ein Problem solcher zweioder mehrseitigen Markte ist jedoch haufig, dass der Wertezuwachs, der durch die Nutzer generiert wird, nicht gleichmasig unter der Plattform und den aktiven Nutzern verteilt wird, sondern meist ausschlieslich als Gewinn an die Plattformen geht. Mit der Blockchain-Technologie konnte dieses Problem gelost werden, indem der Informations- und Wertetransfer sicher und dezentral organisiert wird und viele Funktionen traditioneller Intermediare dadurch obsolet werden. Diese Arbeit bietet einen Uberblick uber Anwendungsfelder und das Grundkonzept der Sharing Economy. Wir zeigen auf, wie sich Geschaftsmodelle und Infrastrukturen in einer Blockchain abbilden lassen, welche Potentiale eine Blockchain-basierte Infrastruktur bietet, wann diese in der Sharing Economy sinnvoll sein kann und welche Probleme dadurch gelost werden konnen.}, booktitle = {Wirtschaftsinformatik}, author = {Bossauer, Paul and Schreiber, D. and Neifer, Thomas and Pakusch, Christina and Stevens, Gunnar}, year = {2020}, } -
Pakusch, C., Bossauer, P. & Stevens, G. (2020)The Unintended Social Consequences of Driverless Mobility Services – How will Taxi Drivers and their Customers Be Affected?
, Bristol, UK doi:10.1145/3401335.3401346
[BibTeX] [Download PDF]@book{pakusch_unintended_2020, address = {Bristol, UK}, title = {The {Unintended} {Social} {Consequences} of {Driverless} {Mobility} {Services} – {How} will {Taxi} {Drivers} and their {Customers} {Be} {Affected}?}, url = {https://www.wineme.uni-siegen.de/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Social-Consequences_Preprint.pdf}, author = {Pakusch, Christina and Bossauer, Paul and Stevens, Gunnar}, year = {2020}, doi = {10.1145/3401335.3401346}, } -
Pakusch, C. (2020)Technology assessment of autonomous driving–are shared autonomous vehicles ecologically and socially sustainable?
@article{pakusch_technology_2020, title = {Technology assessment of autonomous driving–are shared autonomous vehicles ecologically and socially sustainable?}, author = {Pakusch, Christina}, year = {2020}, } -
Hahn, A., Pakusch, C. & Stevens, G. (2020)Die Zukunft der Bushaltestelle vor dem Hintergrund von Mobility-as-a-Service – Eine qualitative Betrachtung des öffentlichen Personennahverkehrs in Deutschland
IN HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik, Pages: 18
[BibTeX] [Abstract]In the recent past, the Federal Republic of Germany has experienced an increase in diesel driving bans in large cities. At the same time, large cities are becoming increasingly popular as the centre of life. Transport companies need to offer the population sustainable mobility solutions that enable maximum flexibility. Modern Mobility-as-a-Service-concepts and innovations in mobility are questioning the classic, plan-oriented, local public transport system and thus also the existence of bus stops. Qualitative expert interviews show that bus stops in city centres will change: One reason being the increasing digital networking of mobility providers and the resulting modern Mobility-as-a-Service-concepts. The results indicate that the bus stop in the inner cities will remain in the future and will be supplemented by on-demand traffic. A radical change, such as the nationwide adoption of autonomous buses, could lead to a complete renewal of the bus stop in the long term.
@article{hahn_zukunft_2020, title = {Die {Zukunft} der {Bushaltestelle} vor dem {Hintergrund} von {Mobility}-as-a-{Service} – {Eine} qualitative {Betrachtung} des öffentlichen {Personennahverkehrs} in {Deutschland}}, abstract = {In the recent past, the Federal Republic of Germany has experienced an increase in diesel driving bans in large cities. At the same time, large cities are becoming increasingly popular as the centre of life. Transport companies need to offer the population sustainable mobility solutions that enable maximum flexibility. Modern Mobility-as-a-Service-concepts and innovations in mobility are questioning the classic, plan-oriented, local public transport system and thus also the existence of bus stops. Qualitative expert interviews show that bus stops in city centres will change: One reason being the increasing digital networking of mobility providers and the resulting modern Mobility-as-a-Service-concepts. The results indicate that the bus stop in the inner cities will remain in the future and will be supplemented by on-demand traffic. A radical change, such as the nationwide adoption of autonomous buses, could lead to a complete renewal of the bus stop in the long term.}, language = {de}, journal = {HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik}, author = {Hahn, Andreas and Pakusch, Christina and Stevens, Gunnar}, year = {2020}, pages = {18}, } -
Pakusch, C. (2020)Technology assessment of autonomous driving – are shared autonomous vehicles ecologically and socially sustainable?
doi:10.25819/ubsi/8475
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]Since its advent, the sustainability effects of the modern sharing economy have been the subject of controversial debate. While its potential was initially discussed in terms of post-ownership development with a view to decentralizing value creation and increasing social capital and environmental relief through better utilization of material goods, critics have become increasingly loud in recent years. Many people hoped that carsharing could lead to development away from ownership towards flexible use and thus more resource-efficient mobility. However, carsharing remains niche, and while many people like the idea in general, they appear to consider carsharing to not be advantageous as a means of transport in terms of cost, flexibility, and comfort. A key innovation that could elevate carsharing from its niche existence in the future is autonomous driving. This technology could help shared mobility gain a new boost by allowing it to overcome the weaknesses of the present carsharing business model. Flexibility and comfort could be greatly enhanced with shared autonomous vehicles (SAVs), which could simultaneously offer benefits in terms of low cost, and better use of time without the burden of vehicle ownership. However, it is not the technology itself that is sustainable; rather, sustainability depends on the way in which this technology is used. Hence, it is necessary to make a prospective assessment of the direct and indirect (un)sustainable effects before or during the development of a technology in order to incorporate these findings into the design and decision-making process. Transport research has been intensively analyzing the possible economic, social, and ecological consequences of autonomous driving for several years. However, research lacks knowledge about the consequences to be expected from shared autonomous vehicles. Moreover, previous findings are mostly based on the knowledge of experts, while potential users are rarely included in the research. To address this gap, this thesis contributes to answering the questions of what the ecological and social impacts of the expected concept of SAVs will be. In my thesis, I study in particular the ecological consequences of SAVs in terms of the potential modal shifts they can induce as well as their social consequences in terms of potential job losses in the taxi industry. Regarding this, I apply a user-oriented, mixed-method technology assessment approach that complements existing, expert-oriented technology assessment studies on autonomous driving that have so far been dominated by scenario analyses and simulations. To answer the two questions, I triangulated the method of scenario analysis and qualitative and quantitative user studies. The empirical studies provide evidence that the automation of mobility services such as carsharing may to a small extent foster a shift from the private vehicle towards mobility on demand. However, findings also indicate that rebound effects are to be expected: Significantly more users are expected to move away from the more sustainable public transportation, leading to an overcompensation of the positive modal shift effects by the negative modal shift effects. The results show that a large proportion of the taxi trips carried out can be re-placed by SAVs, making the profession of taxi driver somewhat obsolete. However, interviews with taxi drivers themselves revealed that the services provided by the drivers go beyond mere transport, so that even in the age of SAVs, the need for human assistance will continue – though to a smaller extent. Given these findings, I see action potential at different levels: users, mobility service providers, and policymakers. Regarding environmental and social impacts resulting from the use of SAVs, there is a strong conflict of objectives among users, potential SAV operators, and sustainable environmental and social policies. In order to strengthen the positive effects and counteract the negative effects, such as unintended modal shifts, policies may soon have to regulate the design of SAVs and their introduction. A key starting point for transport policy is to promote the use of more environmentally friendly means of transport, in particular by making public transportation attractive and, if necessary, by making the use of individual motorized mobility less attractive. The taxi industry must face the challenges of automation by opening up to these developments and focusing on service orientation – to strengthen the drivers’ main unique selling point compared to automated technology. Assessing the impacts of the not-yet-existing generally involves great uncertainty. With the results of my work, however, I would like to argue that a user-oriented technology assessment can usefully complement the findings of classic methods of technology assessment and can iteratively inform the development process regarding technology and regulation.
@article{pakusch_technology_2020-1, title = {Technology assessment of autonomous driving – are shared autonomous vehicles ecologically and socially sustainable?}, copyright = {Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International}, url = {https://dspace.ub.uni-siegen.de/handle/ubsi/1846}, doi = {10.25819/ubsi/8475}, abstract = {Since its advent, the sustainability effects of the modern sharing economy have been the subject of controversial debate. While its potential was initially discussed in terms of post-ownership development with a view to decentralizing value creation and increasing social capital and environmental relief through better utilization of material goods, critics have become increasingly loud in recent years. Many people hoped that carsharing could lead to development away from ownership towards flexible use and thus more resource-efficient mobility. However, carsharing remains niche, and while many people like the idea in general, they appear to consider carsharing to not be advantageous as a means of transport in terms of cost, flexibility, and comfort. A key innovation that could elevate carsharing from its niche existence in the future is autonomous driving. This technology could help shared mobility gain a new boost by allowing it to overcome the weaknesses of the present carsharing business model. Flexibility and comfort could be greatly enhanced with shared autonomous vehicles (SAVs), which could simultaneously offer benefits in terms of low cost, and better use of time without the burden of vehicle ownership. However, it is not the technology itself that is sustainable; rather, sustainability depends on the way in which this technology is used. Hence, it is necessary to make a prospective assessment of the direct and indirect (un)sustainable effects before or during the development of a technology in order to incorporate these findings into the design and decision-making process. Transport research has been intensively analyzing the possible economic, social, and ecological consequences of autonomous driving for several years. However, research lacks knowledge about the consequences to be expected from shared autonomous vehicles. Moreover, previous findings are mostly based on the knowledge of experts, while potential users are rarely included in the research. To address this gap, this thesis contributes to answering the questions of what the ecological and social impacts of the expected concept of SAVs will be. In my thesis, I study in particular the ecological consequences of SAVs in terms of the potential modal shifts they can induce as well as their social consequences in terms of potential job losses in the taxi industry. Regarding this, I apply a user-oriented, mixed-method technology assessment approach that complements existing, expert-oriented technology assessment studies on autonomous driving that have so far been dominated by scenario analyses and simulations. To answer the two questions, I triangulated the method of scenario analysis and qualitative and quantitative user studies. The empirical studies provide evidence that the automation of mobility services such as carsharing may to a small extent foster a shift from the private vehicle towards mobility on demand. However, findings also indicate that rebound effects are to be expected: Significantly more users are expected to move away from the more sustainable public transportation, leading to an overcompensation of the positive modal shift effects by the negative modal shift effects. The results show that a large proportion of the taxi trips carried out can be re-placed by SAVs, making the profession of taxi driver somewhat obsolete. However, interviews with taxi drivers themselves revealed that the services provided by the drivers go beyond mere transport, so that even in the age of SAVs, the need for human assistance will continue – though to a smaller extent. Given these findings, I see action potential at different levels: users, mobility service providers, and policymakers. Regarding environmental and social impacts resulting from the use of SAVs, there is a strong conflict of objectives among users, potential SAV operators, and sustainable environmental and social policies. In order to strengthen the positive effects and counteract the negative effects, such as unintended modal shifts, policies may soon have to regulate the design of SAVs and their introduction. A key starting point for transport policy is to promote the use of more environmentally friendly means of transport, in particular by making public transportation attractive and, if necessary, by making the use of individual motorized mobility less attractive. The taxi industry must face the challenges of automation by opening up to these developments and focusing on service orientation – to strengthen the drivers’ main unique selling point compared to automated technology. Assessing the impacts of the not-yet-existing generally involves great uncertainty. With the results of my work, however, I would like to argue that a user-oriented technology assessment can usefully complement the findings of classic methods of technology assessment and can iteratively inform the development process regarding technology and regulation.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2021-04-15}, author = {Pakusch, Christina}, year = {2020}, keywords = {thesis}, }
2019
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Stevens, G., Meurer, J., Pakusch, C. & Bossauer, P. (2019)Investigating Car Futures from Different Angles
doi:10.18420/muc2019-ws-453
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]The design of self-driving cars is one of the most exciting and ambitious challenges of our days and every day, new research work is published. In order to give an orientation, this article will present an overview of various methods used to study the human side of autonomous driving. Simplifying roughly, you can distinguish between design science-oriented methods (such as Research through Design, Wizard of Oz or driving simulator ) and behavioral science methods (such as survey, interview, and observation). We show how these methods are adopted in the context of autonomous driving research and dis-cuss their strengths and weaknesses. Due to the complexity of the topic, we will show that mixed method approaches will be suitable to explore the impact of autonomous driving on different levels: the individual, the social interaction and society.
@article{stevens_investigating_2019, title = {Investigating {Car} {Futures} from {Different} {Angles}}, url = {http://dl.gi.de/handle/20.500.12116/25194}, doi = {10.18420/muc2019-ws-453}, abstract = {The design of self-driving cars is one of the most exciting and ambitious challenges of our days and every day, new research work is published. In order to give an orientation, this article will present an overview of various methods used to study the human side of autonomous driving. Simplifying roughly, you can distinguish between design science-oriented methods (such as Research through Design, Wizard of Oz or driving simulator ) and behavioral science methods (such as survey, interview, and observation). We show how these methods are adopted in the context of autonomous driving research and dis-cuss their strengths and weaknesses. Due to the complexity of the topic, we will show that mixed method approaches will be suitable to explore the impact of autonomous driving on different levels: the individual, the social interaction and society.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2021-04-16}, author = {Stevens, Gunnar and Meurer, Johanna and Pakusch, Christina and Bossauer, Paul}, year = {2019}, note = {Accepted: 2019-09-05T01:05:23Z Publisher: Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V.}, } -
Meurer, J., Lawo, D., Pakusch, C., Tolmie, P. & Wulf, V. (2019)Opportunities for Sustainable Mobility: Re-thinking Eco-feedback from a Citizen’s Perspective
Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Communities & Technologies – Transforming Communities. New York, NY, USA, Publisher: ACM, Pages: 102–113 doi:10.1145/3328320.3328391
[BibTeX] [Download PDF]@inproceedings{meurer_opportunities_2019, address = {New York, NY, USA}, series = {C\&\#38;{T} '19}, title = {Opportunities for {Sustainable} {Mobility}: {Re}-thinking {Eco}-feedback from a {Citizen}'s {Perspective}}, isbn = {978-1-4503-7162-9}, url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/3328320.3328391}, doi = {10.1145/3328320.3328391}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 9th {International} {Conference} on {Communities} \& {Technologies} - {Transforming} {Communities}}, publisher = {ACM}, author = {Meurer, Johanna and Lawo, Dennis and Pakusch, Christina and Tolmie, Peter and Wulf, Volker}, year = {2019}, keywords = {eco-feedback tools, interview study, mobile phone data, mobility, Sustainable mobility}, pages = {102--113}, } -
Stevens, G., Bossauer, P., Vonholdt, S. & Pakusch, C. (2019)Using Time and Space Efficiently in Driverless Cars: Findings of a Co-Design Study
Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems., Pages: 1–14
[BibTeX]@inproceedings{stevens_using_2019, title = {Using {Time} and {Space} {Efficiently} in {Driverless} {Cars}: {Findings} of a {Co}-{Design} {Study}}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2019 {CHI} {Conference} on {Human} {Factors} in {Computing} {Systems}}, author = {Stevens, Gunnar and Bossauer, Paul and Vonholdt, Stephanie and Pakusch, Christina}, year = {2019}, keywords = {a-paper}, pages = {1--14}, }
2018
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Stevens, G., Bossauer, P., Jakobi, T. & Pakusch, C. (2018)Mehrseitiges Vertrauen bei IoT-basierten Reputationssystemen
IN Mensch und Computer 2018-Workshopband
[BibTeX]@article{stevens_mehrseitiges_2018, title = {Mehrseitiges {Vertrauen} bei {IoT}-basierten {Reputationssystemen}}, journal = {Mensch und Computer 2018-Workshopband}, author = {Stevens, Gunnar and Bossauer, Paul and Jakobi, Timo and Pakusch, Christina}, year = {2018}, } -
Pakusch, C., Neifer, T., Bossauer, P. & Stevens, G. (2018)P2P-Carsharing. Motive, Ängste und Barrieren bei der Teilnahme-eine explorative Studie
IN Internationales Verkehrswesen, Vol. 70
[BibTeX]@article{pakusch_p2p-carsharing_2018, title = {{P2P}-{Carsharing}. {Motive}, Ängste und {Barrieren} bei der {Teilnahme}-eine explorative {Studie}}, volume = {70}, number = {4}, journal = {Internationales Verkehrswesen}, author = {Pakusch, Christina and Neifer, Thomas and Bossauer, Paul and Stevens, Gunnar}, year = {2018}, } -
Pakusch, C., Weber, T., Stevens, G. & Bossauer, P. (2018)Akzeptanz autonomer Verkehrsmittel: Eine Analyse relativer Mehrwerte selbstfahrender Autos im Vergleich zu heutigen Verkehrsmitteln
IN Proceedings of the Tagungsband Wirtschaftsinformatik, Pages: 938–949
[BibTeX]@article{pakusch_akzeptanz_2018, title = {Akzeptanz autonomer {Verkehrsmittel}: {Eine} {Analyse} relativer {Mehrwerte} selbstfahrender {Autos} im {Vergleich} zu heutigen {Verkehrsmitteln}}, journal = {Proceedings of the Tagungsband Wirtschaftsinformatik}, author = {Pakusch, Christina and Weber, Tobias and Stevens, Gunnar and Bossauer, Paul}, year = {2018}, pages = {938--949}, } -
Pakusch, C., Stevens, G., Bossauer, P. & Weber, T. (2018)The Users‘ Perspective on Autonomous Driving
@article{pakusch_users_2018, title = {The {Users}' {Perspective} on {Autonomous} {Driving}}, author = {Pakusch, Christina and Stevens, Gunnar and Bossauer, Paul and Weber, Tobias}, year = {2018}, } -
Pakusch, C., Stevens, G. & Bossauer, P. (2018)Shared Autonomous Vehicles: Potentials for a Sustainable Mobility and Risks of Unintended Effects.
ICT4S., Pages: 258–269
[BibTeX]@inproceedings{pakusch_shared_2018, title = {Shared {Autonomous} {Vehicles}: {Potentials} for a {Sustainable} {Mobility} and {Risks} of {Unintended} {Effects}.}, booktitle = {{ICT4S}}, author = {Pakusch, Christina and Stevens, Gunnar and Bossauer, Paul}, year = {2018}, pages = {258--269}, }
2017
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Woedl, S., Pakusch, C., Bossauer, P. & Stevens, G. (2017)Auswirkung vollautomatisierter PKWs auf die Verkehrsmittelwahl
IN Internationales Verkehrswesen, Pages: 68–72
[BibTeX]@article{woedl_auswirkung_2017, title = {Auswirkung vollautomatisierter {PKWs} auf die {Verkehrsmittelwahl}}, number = {3}, journal = {Internationales Verkehrswesen}, author = {Woedl, Sebastian and Pakusch, Christina and Bossauer, Paul and Stevens, Gunnar}, year = {2017}, keywords = {PRAXLABS}, pages = {68--72}, } -
Stevens, G., Bossauer, P., Jakobi, T. & Pakusch, C. (2017)Second Dashboard: Information Demands in a Connected Car
IN Mensch und Computer 2017-Tagungsband
[BibTeX]@article{stevens_second_2017, title = {Second {Dashboard}: {Information} {Demands} in a {Connected} {Car}}, journal = {Mensch und Computer 2017-Tagungsband}, author = {Stevens, Gunnar and Bossauer, Paul and Jakobi, Timo and Pakusch, Christina}, year = {2017}, }
2016
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Pakusch, C., Bossauer, P., Meurer, J. & Stevens, G. (2016)Computergestuetzte Mobilitaetsforschung. Fragestellungen, Daten und Methoden
IN Internationales Verkehrswesen, Pages: 57–60
[BibTeX]@article{pakusch_computergestuetzte_2016, title = {Computergestuetzte {Mobilitaetsforschung}. {Fragestellungen}, {Daten} und {Methoden}}, issn = {0020-9511}, number = {4}, journal = {Internationales Verkehrswesen}, author = {Pakusch, Christina and Bossauer, Paul and Meurer, Johanna and Stevens, Gunnar}, year = {2016}, pages = {57--60}, } -
Pakusch, C., Bossauer, P., Shakoor, M. & Stevens, G. (2016)Using, Sharing, and Owning Smart Cars-A Future Scenario Analysis Taking General Socio-Technical Trends into Account
@article{pakusch_using_2016, title = {Using, {Sharing}, and {Owning} {Smart} {Cars}-{A} {Future} {Scenario} {Analysis} {Taking} {General} {Socio}-{Technical} {Trends} into {Account}}, url = {https://pub.h-brs.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/2739}, author = {Pakusch, Christina and Bossauer, Paul and Shakoor, Markus and Stevens, Gunnar}, year = {2016}, keywords = {DBL}, } -
Stevens, G., Meurer, J., Pakusch, C. & Bossauer, P. (2016)From a Driver-centric towards a Service-centric lens on Self-Driving Cars
CHI 2016 Workshop: HCI and Autonomous Vehicles: Contextual Experience Informs Design. San José, USA.
[BibTeX]@inproceedings{stevens_driver-centric_2016, title = {From a {Driver}-centric towards a {Service}-centric lens on {Self}-{Driving} {Cars}}, booktitle = {{CHI} 2016 {Workshop}: {HCI} and {Autonomous} {Vehicles}: {Contextual} {Experience} {Informs} {Design}. {San} {José}, {USA}}, author = {Stevens, Gunnar and Meurer, Johanna and Pakusch, Christina and Bossauer, Paul}, year = {2016}, keywords = {a-paper, PRAXLABS}, }
