2022

• ---

  Carros, F., Schwaninger, I., Preussner, A., Randall, D., Wieching, R., Fitzpatrick, G. & Wulf, V. (2022)Care Workers Making Use of Robots: Results of a Three-Month Study on Human-Robot Interaction within a Care Home

  CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York, NY, USA, Publisher: Association for Computing Machinery, Pages: 1–15 doi:10.1145/3491102.3517435
  [BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

  Research on social robots in care has often focused on either the care recipients or the technology itself, neglecting the care workers who, in and through their collaborative and coordinative practices, will need to work with the robots. To better understand these interactions with a social robot (Pepper), we undertook a 3 month long-term study within a care home to gain empirical insights into the way the robot was used. We observed how care workers learned to use the device, applied it to their daily work life, and encountered obstacles. Our findings show that the care workers used the robot regularly (1:07 hours/day) mostly in one-to-one interactions with residents. While the robot had a limited effect on reducing the workload of care workers, it had other positive effects, demonstrating the potential to enhance the quality of care.

  @inproceedings{carros_care_2022,
  address = {New York, NY, USA},
  series = {{CHI} '22},
  title = {Care {Workers} {Making} {Use} of {Robots}: {Results} of a {Three}-{Month} {Study} on {Human}-{Robot} {Interaction} within a {Care} {Home}},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-9157-3},
  shorttitle = {Care {Workers} {Making} {Use} of {Robots}},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3491102.3517435},
  doi = {10.1145/3491102.3517435},
  abstract = {Research on social robots in care has often focused on either the care recipients or the technology itself, neglecting the care workers who, in and through their collaborative and coordinative practices, will need to work with the robots. To better understand these interactions with a social robot (Pepper), we undertook a 3 month long-term study within a care home to gain empirical insights into the way the robot was used. We observed how care workers learned to use the device, applied it to their daily work life, and encountered obstacles. Our findings show that the care workers used the robot regularly (1:07 hours/day) mostly in one-to-one interactions with residents. While the robot had a limited effect on reducing the workload of care workers, it had other positive effects, demonstrating the potential to enhance the quality of care.},
  urldate = {2022-04-28},
  booktitle = {{CHI} {Conference} on {Human} {Factors} in {Computing} {Systems}},
  publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
  author = {Carros, Felix and Schwaninger, Isabel and Preussner, Adrian and Randall, Dave and Wieching, Rainer and Fitzpatrick, Geraldine and Wulf, Volker},
  month = apr,
  year = {2022},
  keywords = {CSCW, HCI, Participatory Design, Appropriation, Empirical Study, Care Robot, Care Work, Covid-19, Empowerment, HRI, Humanoid, Long-term, Nurse, Pandemic, Practice-based, Residential Care, Robotic Support, Social Robot, Social Service, Sustainable Technology Integration, Usage Patterns, Work Practices},
  pages = {1--15},
  }

• ---

  Chang, Y., Carros, F., Manavi, M. & Rathmann, M. (2022)How do Roboticists Imagine a Robotised Future? A Case Study on a Japanese HRI Research Project

  doi:10.20944/preprints202204.0081.v1
  [BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

  This study observes, interprets, and analyses the knowledge production in the research field of Human–Robot Interaction (HRI). It intends to foreground the hidden assumptions that are often taken for granted when roboticist design and conduct their research. By doing so, this study demonstrates how these assumptions influence the result of their research. Based on data collected through sociological field observation, this study argues that the current practise in HRI research is highly anthropocentric. In short, the robots are designed to be like human instead of for human. Therefore, the human–robot relationship embodies the existing power relations between human beings. These relations generate inequality, hierarchy, and dominance, which are the opposite of the common imagination of the robotised future among roboticists. For the purpose of enabling the robotised future closer to their ideal, this study suggests that HRI researchers to go beyond the conventional methodology, to allow a human–robot relationship that realises reciprocity.

  @article{chang_how_2022,
  title = {How do {Roboticists} {Imagine} a {Robotised} {Future}? {A} {Case} {Study} on a {Japanese} {HRI} {Research} {Project}},
  shorttitle = {How do {Roboticists} {Imagine} a {Robotised} {Future}?},
  url = {https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202204.0081/v1},
  doi = {10.20944/preprints202204.0081.v1},
  abstract = {This study observes, interprets, and analyses the knowledge production in the research field of Human\–Robot Interaction (HRI). It intends to foreground the hidden assumptions that are often taken for granted when roboticist design and conduct their research. By doing so, this study demonstrates how these assumptions influence the result of their research. Based on data collected through sociological field observation, this study argues that the current practise in HRI research is highly anthropocentric. In short, the robots are designed to be like human instead of for human. Therefore, the human\–robot relationship embodies the existing power relations between human beings. These relations generate inequality, hierarchy, and dominance, which are the opposite of the common imagination of the robotised future among roboticists. For the purpose of enabling the robotised future closer to their ideal, this study suggests that HRI researchers to go beyond the conventional methodology, to allow a human\–robot relationship that realises reciprocity.},
  language = {en},
  urldate = {2022-04-12},
  author = {Chang, Yu-Hsin and Carros, Felix and Manavi, Mehrbod and Rathmann, Martin},
  month = apr,
  year = {2022},
  note = {Publisher: Preprints},
  }

• ---

  Carros, F., Eilers, H., Langendorf, J., Gözler, M., Wieching, R. & Lüssem, J. (2022)Roboter als intelligente Assistenten in Betreuung und Pflege – Grenzen und Perspektiven im Praxiseinsatz

  IN Pfannstiel, M. A. (Ed.), Künstliche Intelligenz im Gesundheitswesen: Entwicklungen, Beispiele und Perspektiven Wiesbaden doi:10.1007/978-3-658-33597-7_38
  [BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

  Soziale Roboter, die primär konzipiert sind, um mit menschlichen Akteuren zu interagieren, müssen sich an die Bedarfe und Anforderungen dieser menschlichen Akteure anpassen können. Für den Einsatz in der Pflege bedeutet dies, dass diese Assistenzroboter durch Pflegekräfte individuell an Bedarfe von Pflegebedürftigen adaptiert werden können und diese Roboter in der Lage sein müssen, aus der Interaktion mit Pflegebedürftigen, wie auch mit Pflegekräften zu lernen. Unter Verwendung eines partizipativen Designansatzes entwickeln und detaillieren wir Einsatzszenarien und diskutieren deren Möglichkeiten und Grenzen mit den wesentlichen Stakeholdern. Aus den so charakterisierten Einsatzszenarien leiten wir die Anforderungen an KI-Elemente ab und können so jeweils einen Minimalkatalog erforderlicher Fähigkeiten des robotischen Systems bestimmen. Auf diese Weise können einerseits die Hürden bzgl. eines Einsatzes robotischer Systeme gesenkt und andererseits die zugedachte Rolle des Roboters als Assistenzsystem für Pflegekräfte entschiedener manifestiert werden.

  @incollection{carros_roboter_2022,
  address = {Wiesbaden},
  title = {Roboter als intelligente {Assistenten} in {Betreuung} und {Pflege} – {Grenzen} und {Perspektiven} im {Praxiseinsatz}},
  isbn = {978-3-658-33597-7},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-33597-7_38},
  abstract = {Soziale Roboter, die primär konzipiert sind, um mit menschlichen Akteuren zu interagieren, müssen sich an die Bedarfe und Anforderungen dieser menschlichen Akteure anpassen können. Für den Einsatz in der Pflege bedeutet dies, dass diese Assistenzroboter durch Pflegekräfte individuell an Bedarfe von Pflegebedürftigen adaptiert werden können und diese Roboter in der Lage sein müssen, aus der Interaktion mit Pflegebedürftigen, wie auch mit Pflegekräften zu lernen. Unter Verwendung eines partizipativen Designansatzes entwickeln und detaillieren wir Einsatzszenarien und diskutieren deren Möglichkeiten und Grenzen mit den wesentlichen Stakeholdern. Aus den so charakterisierten Einsatzszenarien leiten wir die Anforderungen an KI-Elemente ab und können so jeweils einen Minimalkatalog erforderlicher Fähigkeiten des robotischen Systems bestimmen. Auf diese Weise können einerseits die Hürden bzgl. eines Einsatzes robotischer Systeme gesenkt und andererseits die zugedachte Rolle des Roboters als Assistenzsystem für Pflegekräfte entschiedener manifestiert werden.},
  language = {de},
  urldate = {2022-03-21},
  booktitle = {Künstliche {Intelligenz} im {Gesundheitswesen}: {Entwicklungen}, {Beispiele} und {Perspektiven}},
  publisher = {Springer Fachmedien},
  author = {Carros, Felix and Eilers, Hannes and Langendorf, Johanna and Gözler, Murat and Wieching, Rainer and Lüssem, Jens},
  editor = {Pfannstiel, Mario A.},
  year = {2022},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-658-33597-7_38},
  pages = {793--819},
  }

2020

• ---

  Störzinger, T., Carros, F., Wierling, A., Misselhorn, C. & Wieching, R. (2020)Categorizing Social Robots with Respect to Dimensions Relevant to Ethical, Social and Legal Implications

  IN i-com, Vol. 19, Pages: 47–57 doi:10.1515/icom-2020-0005
  [BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

  The aim of this paper is to suggest a framework for categorizing social robots with respect to four dimensions relevant to an ethical, legal and social evaluation. We argue that by categorizing them thusly, we can circumvent problematic evaluations of social robots that are often based on overly broad and abstract considerations. Instead of questioning, for example, whether social robots are ethically good or bad in general, we instead propose that different configurations of (and combinations thereof) the suggested dimensions entail different paradigmatic challenges with respect to ethical, legal and social issues (ELSI). We therefore encourage practitioners to consider these paradigmatic challenges when designing social robots to find creative design solutions.

  @article{storzinger_categorizing_2020,
  title = {Categorizing {Social} {Robots} with {Respect} to {Dimensions} {Relevant} to {Ethical}, {Social} and {Legal} {Implications}},
  volume = {19},
  issn = {2196-6826},
  url = {https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/icom-2020-0005/html},
  doi = {10.1515/icom-2020-0005},
  abstract = {The aim of this paper is to suggest a framework for categorizing social robots with respect to four dimensions relevant to an ethical, legal and social evaluation. We argue that by categorizing them thusly, we can circumvent problematic evaluations of social robots that are often based on overly broad and abstract considerations. Instead of questioning, for example, whether social robots are ethically good or bad in general, we instead propose that different configurations of (and combinations thereof) the suggested dimensions entail different paradigmatic challenges with respect to ethical, legal and social issues (ELSI). We therefore encourage practitioners to consider these paradigmatic challenges when designing social robots to find creative design solutions.},
  language = {en},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2021-04-16},
  journal = {i-com},
  author = {Störzinger, Tobias and Carros, Felix and Wierling, Anne and Misselhorn, Catrin and Wieching, Rainer},
  month = apr,
  year = {2020},
  note = {Publisher: De Gruyter Oldenbourg
  Section: i-com},
  pages = {47--57},
  }

• ---

  Carros, F., Meurer, J., Löffler, D., Unbehaun, D., Matthies, S., Koch, I., Wieching, R., Randall, D., Hassenzahl, M. & Wulf, V. (2020)Exploring Human-Robot Interaction with the Elderly: Results from a Ten-Week Case Study in a Care Home

  Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York, NY, USA, Publisher: Association for Computing Machinery, Pages: 1–12 doi:10.1145/3313831.3376402
  [BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

  Ageing societies and the associated pressure on the care systems are major drivers for new developments in socially assistive robotics. To understand better the real-world potential of robot-based assistance, we undertook a 10-week case study in a care home involving groups of residents, caregivers and managers as stakeholders. We identified both, enablers and barriers to the potential implementation of robot systems. The study employed the robot platform Pepper, which was deployed with a view to understanding better multi-domain interventions with a robot supporting physical activation, cognitive training and social facilitation. We employed the robot in a group setting in a care facility over the course of 10 weeks and 20 sessions, observing how stakeholders, including residents and caregivers, appropriated, adapted to, and perceived the robot. We also conducted interviews with 11 residents and caregivers. Our results indicate that the residents were positively engaged in the training sessions that were moderated by the robot. The study revealed that such humanoid robots can work in a care home but that there is a moderating person needed, that is in control of the robot.

  @inproceedings{carros_exploring_2020,
  address = {New York, NY, USA},
  series = {{CHI} '20},
  title = {Exploring {Human}-{Robot} {Interaction} with the {Elderly}: {Results} from a {Ten}-{Week} {Case} {Study} in a {Care} {Home}},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-6708-0},
  shorttitle = {Exploring {Human}-{Robot} {Interaction} with the {Elderly}},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376402},
  doi = {10.1145/3313831.3376402},
  abstract = {Ageing societies and the associated pressure on the care systems are major drivers for new developments in socially assistive robotics. To understand better the real-world potential of robot-based assistance, we undertook a 10-week case study in a care home involving groups of residents, caregivers and managers as stakeholders. We identified both, enablers and barriers to the potential implementation of robot systems. The study employed the robot platform Pepper, which was deployed with a view to understanding better multi-domain interventions with a robot supporting physical activation, cognitive training and social facilitation. We employed the robot in a group setting in a care facility over the course of 10 weeks and 20 sessions, observing how stakeholders, including residents and caregivers, appropriated, adapted to, and perceived the robot. We also conducted interviews with 11 residents and caregivers. Our results indicate that the residents were positively engaged in the training sessions that were moderated by the robot. The study revealed that such humanoid robots can work in a care home but that there is a moderating person needed, that is in control of the robot.},
  urldate = {2021-04-15},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2020 {CHI} {Conference} on {Human} {Factors} in {Computing} {Systems}},
  publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
  author = {Carros, Felix and Meurer, Johanna and Löffler, Diana and Unbehaun, David and Matthies, Sarah and Koch, Inga and Wieching, Rainer and Randall, Dave and Hassenzahl, Marc and Wulf, Volker},
  month = apr,
  year = {2020},
  keywords = {ethics, user studies, elderly care, social robots, a-paper},
  pages = {1--12},
  }

• ---

  Habscheid, S., Hrncal, C., Carros, F. & Lüssem, J. (2020)Professionelle Emotionalität und humanoide Robotik in der institutionellen Kommunikation

  IN Gruber, H., Spitzmüller, J. & de Cillia, R. (Eds.), Institutionelle und organisationale Kommunikation Theorie, Methodologie, Empirie und Kritik (Kommunikation im Fokus – Arbeiten zur Angewandten Linguistik) Wien
  [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

  @incollection{habscheid_professionelle_2020,
  address = {Wien},
  edition = {Band 9},
  title = {Professionelle {Emotionalität} und humanoide {Robotik} in der institutionellen {Kommunikation}},
  isbn = {978-3-8471-1125-2},
  url = {https://www.wineme.uni-siegen.de/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/9783847011255.1.169.pdf},
  booktitle = {Institutionelle und organisationale {Kommunikation} {Theorie}, {Methodologie}, {Empirie} und {Kritik} ({Kommunikation} im {Fokus} – {Arbeiten} zur {Angewandten} {Linguistik})},
  publisher = {Vienna University Press bei V\&R unipress},
  author = {Habscheid, Stephan and Hrncal, Christine and Carros, Felix and Lüssem, Jens},
  editor = {Gruber, Helmut and Spitzmüller, Jürgen and de Cillia, Rudolf},
  year = {2020},
  pages = {169--188},
  }

2019

• ---

  Lehmann, J., Carros, F., Unbehaun, D., Wieching, R. & Lüssem, J. (2019)Einsatzfelder der sozialen Robotik in der Pflege

  Digitale Transformation im Krankenhaus., Pages: pp. 88–113
  [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

  @inproceedings{lehmann_einsatzfelder_2019,
  title = {Einsatzfelder der sozialen {Robotik} in der {Pflege}},
  url = {https://www.lehmanns.de/shop/medizin-pharmazie/48102343-9783947566754-digitale-transformation-im-krankenhaus},
  booktitle = {Digitale {Transformation} im {Krankenhaus}},
  author = {Lehmann, Jasmin and Carros, Felix and Unbehaun, David and Wieching, Rainer and Lüssem, Jens},
  editor = {Stoffers, Christian and Krämer, Nicolas and Heitmann, Christian},
  year = {2019},
  pages = {pp. 88--113},
  }

• ---

  Unbehaun, D., Aal, K., Carros, F., Wieching, R. & Wulf, V. (2019)Creative and Cognitive Activities in Social Assistive Robots and Older Adults: Results from an Exploratory Field Study with Pepper

  Proceedings of the 17th European Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work-Demos and Posters., Publisher: European Society for Socially Embedded Technologies (EUSSET)
  [BibTeX]

  @inproceedings{unbehaun_creative_2019,
  title = {Creative and {Cognitive} {Activities} in {Social} {Assistive} {Robots} and {Older} {Adults}: {Results} from an {Exploratory} {Field} {Study} with {Pepper}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 17th {European} {Conference} on {Computer}-{Supported} {Cooperative} {Work}-{Demos} and {Posters}},
  publisher = {European Society for Socially Embedded Technologies (EUSSET)},
  author = {Unbehaun, David and Aal, Konstantin and Carros, Felix and Wieching, Rainer and Wulf, Volker},
  year = {2019},
  }

• ---

  Carros, F. (2019)Roboter in der Pflege, ein Schreckgespenst?

  doi:10.18420/muc2019-ws-588
  [BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

  Humanoide Roboter dringen verstärkt in die Wahrnehmung von Akteuren in der Pflege. Die Darstellung der verfügbaren Systeme wird durch die Medien häufig überzeichnet und führt bei den Betroffenen neben positiven Reaktion auch teilweise zu Ängsten. Dieser Beitrag geht spezifisch auf den Aspekt der Ängste ein. Entmündigung und Datenschutz sind dabei bei allen Akteuren das vorherrschende Thema und führen zu großer Verunsicherung wie das Leben und die Arbeitswelten durch den Einsatz von Robotern verändert werden. Dieser Beitrag zeigt die Ängste der unterschiedlichen Akteure auf und plädiert für eine transparente Entwicklung von Robotern die gemeinsam mit den relevanten Akteuren in der Pflege stattfinden soll.

  @article{carros_roboter_2019,
  title = {Roboter in der {Pflege}, ein {Schreckgespenst}?},
  url = {http://dl.gi.de/handle/20.500.12116/25218},
  doi = {10.18420/muc2019-ws-588},
  abstract = {Humanoide Roboter dringen verstärkt in die Wahrnehmung von Akteuren in der Pflege. Die Darstellung der verfügbaren Systeme wird durch die Medien häufig überzeichnet und führt bei den Betroffenen neben positiven Reaktion auch teilweise zu Ängsten. Dieser Beitrag geht spezifisch auf den Aspekt der Ängste ein. Entmündigung und Datenschutz sind dabei bei allen Akteuren das vorherrschende Thema und führen zu großer Verunsicherung wie das Leben und die Arbeitswelten durch den Einsatz von Robotern verändert werden. Dieser Beitrag zeigt die Ängste der unterschiedlichen Akteure auf und plädiert für eine transparente Entwicklung von Robotern die gemeinsam mit den relevanten Akteuren in der Pflege stattfinden soll.},
  language = {de},
  urldate = {2021-04-16},
  author = {Carros, Felix},
  year = {2019},
  note = {Accepted: 2019-09-05T01:07:28Z
  Publisher: Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V.},
  }

• ---

  Fink, V., Carros, F., Bischof, A., Wierling, A., Störzinger, T., Herms, R. & Eibl, M. (2019)Dein eigener (Maschinen) – Superheld. MERS – MRI Volume 2: Methodische, ethische, rechtliche und soziale Implikationen für die Mensch- Roboter-Interaktion in Alltagswelten

  , Publisher: Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V. doi:10.18420/muc2019-ws-262
  [BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

  In diesem Workshop werden die aktuellen Fragestellungen und Herausforderungen aus unterschiedlichen ELSI- Bereichen der Mensch-Roboter-Interaktion aufgeführt, diskutiert und analysiert. Diese Austauschplattform gründen die Projekte, die vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung unter dem Gesichtspunkt „Technik zum Menschen bringen“ unterstützt werden. Gegenstand der Förderung sind Forschung und Entwicklung-Vorhaben um Interaktionsstrategien der Roboter für Assistenzfunktionen zu entwickeln, die flexible und leistungsfähige Lösungen für eine optimale Interaktion von Mensch und Robotern anbieten. Als Austauschgegenstände dienen zum einen die Ergebnisse aus bereits durchgeführten Living Lab Workshops und zum anderen konzeptionelle Fragestellungen, die im Laufe der Projekte sich ergeben haben.

  @inproceedings{fink_dein_2019,
  title = {Dein eigener ({Maschinen}) - {Superheld}. {MERS} – {MRI} {Volume} 2: {Methodische}, ethische, rechtliche und soziale {Implikationen} für die {Mensch}- {Roboter}-{Interaktion} in {Alltagswelten}},
  shorttitle = {Dein eigener ({Maschinen}) - {Superheld}. {MERS} – {MRI} {Volume} 2},
  url = {http://dl.gi.de/handle/20.500.12116/25158},
  doi = {10.18420/muc2019-ws-262},
  abstract = {In diesem Workshop werden die aktuellen Fragestellungen und Herausforderungen aus unterschiedlichen ELSI- Bereichen der Mensch-Roboter-Interaktion aufgeführt, diskutiert und analysiert. Diese Austauschplattform gründen die Projekte, die vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung unter dem Gesichtspunkt „Technik zum Menschen bringen“ unterstützt werden. Gegenstand der Förderung sind Forschung und Entwicklung-Vorhaben um Interaktionsstrategien der Roboter für Assistenzfunktionen zu entwickeln, die flexible und leistungsfähige Lösungen für eine optimale Interaktion von Mensch und Robotern anbieten. Als Austauschgegenstände dienen zum einen die Ergebnisse aus bereits durchgeführten Living Lab Workshops und zum anderen konzeptionelle Fragestellungen, die im Laufe der Projekte sich ergeben haben.},
  language = {de},
  urldate = {2021-11-08},
  publisher = {Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V.},
  author = {Fink, Vera and Carros, Felix and Bischof, Andreas and Wierling, Anne and Störzinger, Tobias and Herms, Robert and Eibl, Maximilian},
  year = {2019},
  note = {Accepted: 2019-09-05T00:59:25Z},
  }

2018

• ---

  Habscheid, S., Hrncal, C., Lüssem, J., Wieching, R., Carros, F. & Wulf, V. (2018)Robotics and Emotion – Stereotypes vs. everyday situations

  [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

  @book{habscheid_robotics_2018,
  title = {Robotics and {Emotion} - {Stereotypes} vs. everyday situations},
  url = {https://www.europenowjournal.org/2018/07/01/robotics-and-emotion/},
  urldate = {2020-05-04},
  author = {Habscheid, Stephan and Hrncal, Christine and Lüssem, Jens and Wieching, Rainer and Carros, Felix and Wulf, Volker},
  year = {2018},
  }

• ---

  Unbehaun, D. & Carros, F. Exergames and Dementia: Discussing and Reflecting Preliminary Results from an Exploratory Field Study

  , Pages: 4
  [BibTeX]

  @article{unbehaun_exergames_nodate,
  title = {Exergames and {Dementia}: {Discussing} and {Reflecting} {Preliminary} {Results} from an {Exploratory} {Field} {Study}},
  language = {en},
  author = {Unbehaun, David and Carros, Felix},
  pages = {4},
  }