Dr. Timo Jakobi
Mail: timo.jakobi(at)uni-siegen.de
Raum: US-D 110
Telefon: +49 (0)271/ 740 – 2509
Sprechstunde: Nach Vereinbarung
Vita
im privaten wie auch unternehmerischen Kontext. Er verfügt darüber hinaus über mehrjährige Forschungserfahrung UX Design für Smart Home und Connected Car sowie der Eco-Feedbackforschung.
Forschungsprojekte
Publikationen
2021
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Esau, M., Lawo, D., Castelli, N., Jakobi, T. & Stevens, G. (2021)Morning Routines between Calm and Engaging: Designing a Smart Mirror
, Publisher: SciTePress, Science and Technology Publications, Pages: 58–69
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]Frequently the main purpose of domestic artifacts equipped with smart sensors is to hide technology, like previous examples of a Smart Mirror show. However, current Smart Homes often fail to provide meaningful IoT applications for all residents’ needs. To design beyond efficiency and productivity, we propose to realize the potential of the traditional artifact for calm and engaging experiences. Therefore, we followed a design case study approach with 22 participants in total. After an initial focus group, we conducted a diary study to examine home routines and developed a conceptual design. The evaluation of our mid-fidelity prototype shows, that we need to study carefully the practices of the residents to leverage the physical material of the artifact to fit the routines. Our Smart Mirror, enhanced by digital qualities, supports meaningful activities and makes the bathroom more appealing. Thereby, we discuss domestic technology design beyond automation.
@inproceedings{esau_morning_2021, title = {Morning {Routines} between {Calm} and {Engaging}: {Designing} a {Smart} {Mirror}}, isbn = {978-989-758-538-8}, shorttitle = {Morning {Routines} between {Calm} and {Engaging}}, url = {https://pub.h-brs.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/5997}, abstract = {Frequently the main purpose of domestic artifacts equipped with smart sensors is to hide technology, like previous examples of a Smart Mirror show. However, current Smart Homes often fail to provide meaningful IoT applications for all residents’ needs. To design beyond efficiency and productivity, we propose to realize the potential of the traditional artifact for calm and engaging experiences. Therefore, we followed a design case study approach with 22 participants in total. After an initial focus group, we conducted a diary study to examine home routines and developed a conceptual design. The evaluation of our mid-fidelity prototype shows, that we need to study carefully the practices of the residents to leverage the physical material of the artifact to fit the routines. Our Smart Mirror, enhanced by digital qualities, supports meaningful activities and makes the bathroom more appealing. Thereby, we discuss domestic technology design beyond automation.}, language = {eng}, urldate = {2021-11-16}, publisher = {SciTePress, Science and Technology Publications}, author = {Esau, Margarita and Lawo, Dennis and Castelli, Nico and Jakobi, Timo and Stevens, Gunnar}, month = nov, year = {2021}, pages = {58--69}, file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\Nathanael Klein\\Zotero\\storage\\UGHMZLKT\\5997.html:text/html}, } -
Jakobi, T., von Grafenstein, M., Legner, C., Labadie, C., Mertens, P., Öksüz, A. & Stevens, G. (2021)Correction to: The Role of IS in the Conflicting Interests Regarding GDPR
IN Business & Information Systems Engineering doi:10.1007/s12599-021-00711-1
[BibTeX] [Download PDF]@article{jakobi_correction_2021, title = {Correction to: {The} {Role} of {IS} in the {Conflicting} {Interests} {Regarding} {GDPR}}, issn = {1867-0202}, shorttitle = {Correction to}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-021-00711-1}, doi = {10.1007/s12599-021-00711-1}, language = {en}, urldate = {2021-08-09}, journal = {Business \& Information Systems Engineering}, author = {Jakobi, Timo and von Grafenstein, Maximilian and Legner, Christine and Labadie, Clément and Mertens, Peter and Öksüz, Ayten and Stevens, Gunnar}, month = aug, year = {2021}, file = {Springer Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\Nathanael Klein\\Zotero\\storage\\IDFLZ8VF\\Jakobi et al. - 2021 - Correction to The Role of IS in the Conflicting I.pdf:application/pdf}, } -
Pins, D., Jakobi, T., Boden, A., Alizadeh, F. & Wulf, V. (2021)Alexa, We Need to Talk: A Data Literacy Approach on Voice Assistants
Designing Interactive Systems Conference 2021. New York, NY, USA, Publisher: Association for Computing Machinery, Pages: 495–507 doi:10.1145/3461778.3462001
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]Voice assistants (VA) collect data about users’ daily life including interactions with other connected devices, musical preferences, and unintended interactions. While users appreciate the convenience of VAs, their understanding and expectations of data collection by vendors are often vague and incomplete. By making the collected data explorable for consumers, our research-through-design approach seeks to unveil design resources for fostering data literacy and help users in making better informed decisions regarding their use of VAs. In this paper, we present the design of an interactive prototype that visualizes the conversations with VAs on a timeline and provides end users with basic means to engage with data, for instance allowing for filtering and categorization. Based on an evaluation with eleven households, our paper provides insights on how users reflect upon their data trails and presents design guidelines for supporting data literacy of consumers in the context of VAs.
@inproceedings{pins_alexa_2021, address = {New York, NY, USA}, series = {{DIS} '21}, title = {Alexa, {We} {Need} to {Talk}: {A} {Data} {Literacy} {Approach} on {Voice} {Assistants}}, isbn = {978-1-4503-8476-6}, shorttitle = {Alexa, {We} {Need} to {Talk}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3461778.3462001}, doi = {10.1145/3461778.3462001}, abstract = {Voice assistants (VA) collect data about users’ daily life including interactions with other connected devices, musical preferences, and unintended interactions. While users appreciate the convenience of VAs, their understanding and expectations of data collection by vendors are often vague and incomplete. By making the collected data explorable for consumers, our research-through-design approach seeks to unveil design resources for fostering data literacy and help users in making better informed decisions regarding their use of VAs. In this paper, we present the design of an interactive prototype that visualizes the conversations with VAs on a timeline and provides end users with basic means to engage with data, for instance allowing for filtering and categorization. Based on an evaluation with eleven households, our paper provides insights on how users reflect upon their data trails and presents design guidelines for supporting data literacy of consumers in the context of VAs.}, urldate = {2021-07-05}, booktitle = {Designing {Interactive} {Systems} {Conference} 2021}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, author = {Pins, Dominik and Jakobi, Timo and Boden, Alexander and Alizadeh, Fatemeh and Wulf, Volker}, month = jun, year = {2021}, pages = {495--507}, file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\Nathanael Klein\\Zotero\\storage\\394Q2XTG\\Pins et al. - 2021 - Alexa, We Need to Talk A Data Literacy Approach o.pdf:application/pdf}, } -
Jakobi, T., Alizadeh, F., Marburger, M. & Stevens, G. (2021)A Consumer Perspective on Privacy Risk Awareness of Connected Car Data Use
doi:10.1145/3473856.3473891
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]New cars are increasingly „connected“ by default. Since not having a car is not an option for many people, understanding the privacy implications of driving connected cars and using their data-based services is an even more pressing issue than for expendable consumer products. While risk-based approaches to privacy are well established in law, they have only begun to gain traction in HCI. These approaches are understood not only to increase acceptance but also to help consumers make choices that meet their needs. To the best of our knowledge, perceived risks in the context of connected cars have not been studied before. To address this gap, our study reports on the analysis of a survey with 18 open-ended questions distributed to 1,000 households in a medium-sized German city. Our findings provide qualitative insights into existing attitudes and use cases of connected car features and, most importantly, a list of perceived risks themselves. Taking the perspective of consumers, we argue that these can help inform consumers about data use in connected cars in a user-friendly way. Finally, we show how these risks fit into and extend existing risk taxonomies from other contexts with a stronger social perspective on risks of data use.
@article{jakobi_consumer_2021, title = {A {Consumer} {Perspective} on {Privacy} {Risk} {Awareness} of {Connected} {Car} {Data} {Use}}, url = {http://dl.gi.de/handle/20.500.12116/37266}, doi = {10.1145/3473856.3473891}, abstract = {New cars are increasingly "connected" by default. Since not having a car is not an option for many people, understanding the privacy implications of driving connected cars and using their data-based services is an even more pressing issue than for expendable consumer products. While risk-based approaches to privacy are well established in law, they have only begun to gain traction in HCI. These approaches are understood not only to increase acceptance but also to help consumers make choices that meet their needs. To the best of our knowledge, perceived risks in the context of connected cars have not been studied before. To address this gap, our study reports on the analysis of a survey with 18 open-ended questions distributed to 1,000 households in a medium-sized German city. Our findings provide qualitative insights into existing attitudes and use cases of connected car features and, most importantly, a list of perceived risks themselves. Taking the perspective of consumers, we argue that these can help inform consumers about data use in connected cars in a user-friendly way. Finally, we show how these risks fit into and extend existing risk taxonomies from other contexts with a stronger social perspective on risks of data use.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2021-09-16}, author = {Jakobi, Timo and Alizadeh, Fatemeh and Marburger, Martin and Stevens, Gunnar}, year = {2021}, note = {Accepted: 2021-09-03T19:10:19Z Publisher: ACM}, file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\Nathanael Klein\\Zotero\\storage\\URXRI6EM\\37266.html:text/html}, }
2020
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Jakobi, T., Stevens, G., von Grafenstein, M., Pins, D. & Boden, A. (2020)User-friendly formulation of data processing purposes of voice assistants: a user perspective on the principle of purpose limitation
Proceedings of the Conference on Mensch und Computer. New York, NY, USA, Publisher: Association for Computing Machinery, Pages: 361–372 doi:10.1145/3404983.3405588
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]In 2019 it was revealed that several providers of voice assistants had systematically evaluated voice recordings of their users. Since the data protection notices stated that data would also be used to improve the service, this use was legal. For the users, however, this evaluation represented a clear break with their expectations of privacy. The purpose limitation principle of the GDPR with its component of purpose specification requires flexibility for the processor as well as transparency for the consumer. Against the background of this conflict of interest, the question arises for HCI as to how processing purposes of voice assistants should be designed to meet both requirements. To collect a user perspective, this study first analyzes the data protection information of the dominant voice assistants. Based on this, we present results of focus groups that deal with the perceived processing of data of voice assistants from the user perspective. The study shows that existing purpose statements offer hardly any transparency for consumers regarding the consequences of data processing and do not have any restrictive effect with regard to legal data use. Our results on risks perceived by users allow us to draw conclusions about the user-friendly design of processing purposes in terms of a design resource.
@inproceedings{jakobi_user-friendly_2020, address = {New York, NY, USA}, series = {{MuC} '20}, title = {User-friendly formulation of data processing purposes of voice assistants: a user perspective on the principle of purpose limitation}, isbn = {978-1-4503-7540-5}, shorttitle = {User-friendly formulation of data processing purposes of voice assistants}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3404983.3405588}, doi = {10.1145/3404983.3405588}, abstract = {In 2019 it was revealed that several providers of voice assistants had systematically evaluated voice recordings of their users. Since the data protection notices stated that data would also be used to improve the service, this use was legal. For the users, however, this evaluation represented a clear break with their expectations of privacy. The purpose limitation principle of the GDPR with its component of purpose specification requires flexibility for the processor as well as transparency for the consumer. Against the background of this conflict of interest, the question arises for HCI as to how processing purposes of voice assistants should be designed to meet both requirements. To collect a user perspective, this study first analyzes the data protection information of the dominant voice assistants. Based on this, we present results of focus groups that deal with the perceived processing of data of voice assistants from the user perspective. The study shows that existing purpose statements offer hardly any transparency for consumers regarding the consequences of data processing and do not have any restrictive effect with regard to legal data use. Our results on risks perceived by users allow us to draw conclusions about the user-friendly design of processing purposes in terms of a design resource.}, urldate = {2021-04-15}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the {Conference} on {Mensch} und {Computer}}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, author = {Jakobi, Timo and Stevens, Gunnar and von Grafenstein, Maximilian and Pins, Dominik and Boden, Alexander}, month = sep, year = {2020}, keywords = {datenschutz, datenschutzerklärungen, legal design, zweckbindung, zweckspezifizierung}, pages = {361--372}, file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\Nathanael Klein\\Zotero\\storage\\3VZI7ZIV\\Jakobi et al. - 2020 - User-friendly formulation of data processing purpo.pdf:application/pdf}, } -
Jakobi, T., Stevens, G., von Grafenstein, M., Pins, D. & Boden, A. (2020)Die nutzerInnenfreundliche Formulierung von Zwecken der Datenverarbeitung von Sprachassistenten
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]
2019 wurde bekannt, dass mehrere Anbieter von Sprachassistenten Sprachaufnahmen ihrer NutzerInnen systematisch ausgewertet haben. Da in den Datenschutzhinweisen angegeben war, dass Daten auch zur Verbesserung des Dienstes genutzt würden, war diese Nutzung legal. Für die NutzerInnen stellte diese Auswertung jedoch einen deutlichen Bruch mit ihren Privatheitsvorstellungen dar. Das Zweckbindungsprinzip der DSGVO mit seiner Komponente der Zweckspezifizierung fordert neben Flexibilität für den Verarbeiter auch Transparenz für den Verbraucher. Vor dem Hintergrund dieses Interessenkonflikts stellt sich für die HCI die Frage, wie Verarbeitungszwecke von Sprachassistenten gestaltet sein sollten, um beide Anforderungen zu erfüllen. Für die Erhebung einer Nutzerperspektive analysiert diese Studie zunächst Zweckangaben in den Datenschutzhinweisen der dominierenden Sprachassistenten. Darauf aufbauend präsentieren wir Ergebnisse von Fokusgruppen, die sich mit der wahrgenommenen Verarbeitung von Daten von Sprachassistenten aus Nutzersicht befassen. Es zeigt sich, dass bestehende Zweckformulierungen für VerbraucherInnen kaum Transparenz über Folgen der Datenverarbeitung bieten und keine einschränkende Wirkung im Hinblick auf legale Datennutzung erzielen. Unsere Ergebnisse über von Nutzern wahrgenommene Risiken erlauben dabei Rückschlüsse auf die anwenderfreundliche Gestaltung von Verarbeitungszwecken im Sinne einer Design-Ressource.
@article{jakobi_nutzerinnenfreundliche_2020, title = {Die {nutzerInnenfreundliche} {Formulierung} von {Zwecken} der {Datenverarbeitung} von {Sprachassistenten}}, url = {https://pub.h-brs.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/5161}, abstract = {2019 wurde bekannt, dass mehrere Anbieter von Sprachassistenten Sprachaufnahmen ihrer NutzerInnen systematisch ausgewertet haben. Da in den Datenschutzhinweisen angegeben war, dass Daten auch zur Verbesserung des Dienstes genutzt würden, war diese Nutzung legal. Für die NutzerInnen stellte diese Auswertung jedoch einen deutlichen Bruch mit ihren Privatheitsvorstellungen dar. Das Zweckbindungsprinzip der DSGVO mit seiner Komponente der Zweckspezifizierung fordert neben Flexibilität für den Verarbeiter auch Transparenz für den Verbraucher. Vor dem Hintergrund dieses Interessenkonflikts stellt sich für die HCI die Frage, wie Verarbeitungszwecke von Sprachassistenten gestaltet sein sollten, um beide Anforderungen zu erfüllen. Für die Erhebung einer Nutzerperspektive analysiert diese Studie zunächst Zweckangaben in den Datenschutzhinweisen der dominierenden Sprachassistenten. Darauf aufbauend präsentieren wir Ergebnisse von Fokusgruppen, die sich mit der wahrgenommenen Verarbeitung von Daten von Sprachassistenten aus Nutzersicht befassen. Es zeigt sich, dass bestehende Zweckformulierungen für VerbraucherInnen kaum Transparenz über Folgen der Datenverarbeitung bieten und keine einschränkende Wirkung im Hinblick auf legale Datennutzung erzielen. Unsere Ergebnisse über von Nutzern wahrgenommene Risiken erlauben dabei Rückschlüsse auf die anwenderfreundliche Gestaltung von Verarbeitungszwecken im Sinne einer Design-Ressource.}, language = {de}, urldate = {2021-04-16}, author = {Jakobi, Timo and Stevens, Gunnar and Grafenstein, Maximilian von and Pins, Dominik and Boden, Alexander}, month = sep, year = {2020}, file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\Nathanael Klein\\Zotero\\storage\\9IFQCAEP\\5161.html:text/html}, } -
Jakobi, T., von Grafenstein, M., Legner, C., Labadie, C., Mertens, P., Öksüz, A. & Stevens, G. (2020)The Role of IS in the Conflicting Interests Regarding GDPR
IN Business & Information Systems Engineering, Vol. 62, Pages: 261–272 doi:10.1007/s12599-020-00633-4
[BibTeX] [Download PDF]@article{jakobi_role_2020, title = {The {Role} of {IS} in the {Conflicting} {Interests} {Regarding} {GDPR}}, volume = {62}, issn = {2363-7005, 1867-0202}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12599-020-00633-4}, doi = {10.1007/s12599-020-00633-4}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2021-04-16}, journal = {Business \& Information Systems Engineering}, author = {Jakobi, Timo and von Grafenstein, Maximilian and Legner, Christine and Labadie, Clément and Mertens, Peter and Öksüz, Ayten and Stevens, Gunnar}, month = jun, year = {2020}, pages = {261--272}, file = {Jakobi et al. - 2020 - The Role of IS in the Conflicting Interests Regard.pdf:C\:\\Users\\Nathanael Klein\\Zotero\\storage\\6E6VVDVB\\Jakobi et al. - 2020 - The Role of IS in the Conflicting Interests Regard.pdf:application/pdf}, } -
Castelli, N., Taugerbeck, S., Stein, M., Jakobi, T., Stevens, G. & Wulf, V. (2020)Eco-InfoVis at Work: Role-based Eco-Visualizations for the Industrial Context
IN Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, Vol. 4, Pages: 02:1–02:27 doi:10.1145/3375182
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]Currently, there is a broad range of studies dealing with the design and visualization of energy consumption data for the domestic and increasingly for the office context. However, studies addressing the industrial context are quite rare, and due to the diversity of machines, processes, tasks, personal motivations, teams and the specific organizational culture of companies, it is not sufficient to provide only consumption data. For an adequate consideration of these factors, detailed design guidelines and system concepts are currently missing. However, this study shows the potential that a common understanding of consumption data can emerge through suitable visualization to support everyday work and possibilities of data sharing. Therefore, we show exemplarily how a design can be derived from empirically collected requirements and how a system concept can look like that enrich current eco-feedback design research for the industrial context.
@article{castelli_eco-infovis_2020, title = {Eco-{InfoVis} at {Work}: {Role}-based {Eco}-{Visualizations} for the {Industrial} {Context}}, volume = {4}, shorttitle = {Eco-{InfoVis} at {Work}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3375182}, doi = {10.1145/3375182}, abstract = {Currently, there is a broad range of studies dealing with the design and visualization of energy consumption data for the domestic and increasingly for the office context. However, studies addressing the industrial context are quite rare, and due to the diversity of machines, processes, tasks, personal motivations, teams and the specific organizational culture of companies, it is not sufficient to provide only consumption data. For an adequate consideration of these factors, detailed design guidelines and system concepts are currently missing. However, this study shows the potential that a common understanding of consumption data can emerge through suitable visualization to support everyday work and possibilities of data sharing. Therefore, we show exemplarily how a design can be derived from empirically collected requirements and how a system concept can look like that enrich current eco-feedback design research for the industrial context.}, number = {GROUP}, urldate = {2021-04-15}, journal = {Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction}, author = {Castelli, Nico and Taugerbeck, Sebastian and Stein, Martin and Jakobi, Timo and Stevens, Gunnar and Wulf, Volker}, month = jan, year = {2020}, keywords = {eco-feedback, data visualization, iiot, iot, sid, a-paper}, pages = {02:1--02:27}, file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\Nathanael Klein\\Zotero\\storage\\5RVFINUX\\Castelli et al. - 2020 - Eco-InfoVis at Work Role-based Eco-Visualizations.pdf:application/pdf}, }
2019
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Alizadeh, F., Jakobi, T., Boldt, J. & Stevens, G. (2019)GDPR-Reality Check on the Right to Access Data: Claiming and Investigating Personally Identifiable Data from Companies
Proceedings of Mensch und Computer 2019. New York, NY, USA, Publisher: Association for Computing Machinery, Pages: 811–814 doi:10.1145/3340764.3344913
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]Loyalty programs are early examples of companies commercially collecting and processing personal data. Today, more than ever before, personal information is being used by companies of all types for a wide variety of purposes. To limit this, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) aims to provide consumers with tools to control data collection and processing. What this right concretely means, which types of tools companies have to provide to their customers and in which way, is currently uncertain because precedents from case law are missing. Contributing to closing this gap, we turn to the example of loyalty cards to supplement current implementations of the right to claim data with a user perspective. In our hands-on approach, we had 13 households request their personal data from their respective loyalty program. We investigate expectations of GDPR in general and the right to access in particular, observe the process of claiming and receiving, and discuss the provided data takeouts. One year after the GDPR has come into force, our findings highlight the consumer’s expectations and knowledge of the GDPR and in particular the right to access to inform design of more usable privacy enhancing technologies.
@inproceedings{alizadeh_gdpr-reality_2019, address = {New York, NY, USA}, series = {{MuC}'19}, title = {{GDPR}-{Reality} {Check} on the {Right} to {Access} {Data}: {Claiming} and {Investigating} {Personally} {Identifiable} {Data} from {Companies}}, isbn = {978-1-4503-7198-8}, shorttitle = {{GDPR}-{Reality} {Check} on the {Right} to {Access} {Data}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3340764.3344913}, doi = {10.1145/3340764.3344913}, abstract = {Loyalty programs are early examples of companies commercially collecting and processing personal data. Today, more than ever before, personal information is being used by companies of all types for a wide variety of purposes. To limit this, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) aims to provide consumers with tools to control data collection and processing. What this right concretely means, which types of tools companies have to provide to their customers and in which way, is currently uncertain because precedents from case law are missing. Contributing to closing this gap, we turn to the example of loyalty cards to supplement current implementations of the right to claim data with a user perspective. In our hands-on approach, we had 13 households request their personal data from their respective loyalty program. We investigate expectations of GDPR in general and the right to access in particular, observe the process of claiming and receiving, and discuss the provided data takeouts. One year after the GDPR has come into force, our findings highlight the consumer's expectations and knowledge of the GDPR and in particular the right to access to inform design of more usable privacy enhancing technologies.}, urldate = {2021-04-16}, booktitle = {Proceedings of {Mensch} und {Computer} 2019}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, author = {Alizadeh, Fatemeh and Jakobi, Timo and Boldt, Jens and Stevens, Gunnar}, month = sep, year = {2019}, keywords = {Claim personal data, Data takeout, GDPR, Usable Privacy}, pages = {811--814}, file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\Nathanael Klein\\Zotero\\storage\\V5MFUUKD\\Alizadeh et al. - 2019 - GDPR-Reality Check on the Right to Access Data Cl.pdf:application/pdf}, } -
Castelli, N., Stevens, G. & Jakobi, T. (2019)Information Visualization at Home: A literature survey of consumption feedback design
@article{castelli_information_2019, title = {Information {Visualization} at {Home}: {A} literature survey of consumption feedback design}, author = {Castelli, Nico and Stevens, Gunnar and Jakobi, Timo}, year = {2019}, } -
Jakobi, T., Patil, S., Randall, D., Stevens, G. & Wulf, V. (2019)It Is About What They Could Do with the Data: A User Perspective on Privacy in Smart Metering
IN ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact., Vol. 26, Pages: 2:1–2:44 doi:10.1145/3281444
[BibTeX] [Download PDF]@article{jakobi_it_2019, title = {It {Is} {About} {What} {They} {Could} {Do} with the {Data}: {A} {User} {Perspective} on {Privacy} in {Smart} {Metering}}, volume = {26}, issn = {1073-0516}, url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/3281444}, doi = {10.1145/3281444}, number = {1}, journal = {ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact.}, author = {Jakobi, Timo and Patil, Sameer and Randall, Dave and Stevens, Gunnar and Wulf, Volker}, year = {2019}, keywords = {design probe, privacy preferences, privacy settings, Smart metering, smart meters, usable privacy}, pages = {2:1--2:44}, annote = {Place: New York, NY, USA Publisher: ACM}, } -
Jakobi, T., Stevens, G., Seufert, A. & Becker, M. (2019)Webtracking Under the New Data Protection Law: Design Potentials at the Intersection of Jurisprudence and HCI
Proceedings of Mensch Und Computer 2019. New York, NY, USA, Publisher: ACM, Pages: 309–319 doi:10.1145/3340764.3340790
[BibTeX] [Download PDF]@inproceedings{jakobi_webtracking_2019, address = {New York, NY, USA}, series = {{MuC}'19}, title = {Webtracking {Under} the {New} {Data} {Protection} {Law}: {Design} {Potentials} at the {Intersection} of {Jurisprudence} and {HCI}}, isbn = {978-1-4503-7198-8}, url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/3340764.3340790}, doi = {10.1145/3340764.3340790}, booktitle = {Proceedings of {Mensch} {Und} {Computer} 2019}, publisher = {ACM}, author = {Jakobi, Timo and Stevens, Gunnar and Seufert, Anna-Magdalena and Becker, Max}, year = {2019}, keywords = {HCI, DSGVO, Privatsphäre, Web-Tracking}, pages = {309--319}, } -
Alizadeh, F., Jakobi, T., Boldt, J. & Stevens, G. (2019)GDPR-Realitycheck on the right to access data
doi:10.1145/3340764.3344913
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]Loyalty programs are early examples of companies commercially collecting and processing personal data. Today, more than ever before, personal information is being used by companies of all types for a wide variety of purposes. To limit this, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) aims to provide consumers with tools to control data collection and processing. What this right concretely means, which types of tools companies have to provide to their customers and in which way, is currently uncertain because precedents from case law are missing. Contributing to closing this gap, we turn to the example of loyalty cards to supplement current implementations of the right to claim data with a user perspective. In our hands-on approach, we had 13 households request their personal data from their respective loyalty program. We investigate expectations of GDPR in general and the right to access in particular, observe the process of claiming and receiving, and discuss the provided data takeouts. One year after the GDPR has come into force, our findings highlight the consumer’s expectations and knowledge of the GDPR and in particular the right to access to inform design of more usable privacy enhancing technologies.
@article{alizadeh_gdpr-realitycheck_2019, title = {{GDPR}-{Realitycheck} on the right to access data}, url = {http://dl.gi.de/handle/20.500.12116/24564}, doi = {10.1145/3340764.3344913}, abstract = {Loyalty programs are early examples of companies commercially collecting and processing personal data. Today, more than ever before, personal information is being used by companies of all types for a wide variety of purposes. To limit this, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) aims to provide consumers with tools to control data collection and processing. What this right concretely means, which types of tools companies have to provide to their customers and in which way, is currently uncertain because precedents from case law are missing. Contributing to closing this gap, we turn to the example of loyalty cards to supplement current implementations of the right to claim data with a user perspective. In our hands-on approach, we had 13 households request their personal data from their respective loyalty program. We investigate expectations of GDPR in general and the right to access in particular, observe the process of claiming and receiving, and discuss the provided data takeouts. One year after the GDPR has come into force, our findings highlight the consumer's expectations and knowledge of the GDPR and in particular the right to access to inform design of more usable privacy enhancing technologies.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2021-04-16}, author = {Alizadeh, Fatemeh and Jakobi, Timo and Boldt, Jens and Stevens, Gunnar}, year = {2019}, note = {Accepted: 2019-08-22T04:36:27Z Publisher: ACM}, file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\Nathanael Klein\\Zotero\\storage\\XWDM5ANT\\Alizadeh et al. - 2019 - GDPR-Realitycheck on the right to access data.pdf:application/pdf}, } -
Jakobi, T., Seufert, A., Stevens, G. & Becker, M. (2019)Webtracking im neuen Datenschutzrecht – Gestaltungspotentiale an der Schnittstelle von Rechtswissenschaften und HCI
doi:10.1145/3340764.3340790
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]Die DSGVO regelt derzeit den Umgang mit personenbezogenen Daten grundlegend neu und eröffnet dadurch neue Spielräume. Gleichzeitig erzeugt sie große Unsicherheit unter den Betroffenen. Ein Beispiel hierfür sind Webtracker, die Gestaltern auf Basis zum Teil umfangreicher (personenbezogener) Datenerhebung helfen, die Utility und Usability ihrer Webseiten zu verbessern, oder Betreiber deren Finanzierung ermöglichen. Vor diesem Hintergrund zeigen wir in diesem Beitrag zunächst die praktische Relevanz von Webtracking durch die Sammlung der Webtracker der jeweils 100 populärsten Seiten der 28 EU-Mitglieder. Darauf aufbauend zeigen wir, welche Daten diese Tracker sammeln und analysieren Rechtsgrundlagen. Schließlich diskutieren wir mögliche gestalterische und architektonische Konsequenzen zur Erfüllung der rechtlich skizzierten Anforderungen unter Berücksichtigung der Benutzerperspektive.
@article{jakobi_webtracking_2019-1, title = {Webtracking im neuen {Datenschutzrecht} - {Gestaltungspotentiale} an der {Schnittstelle} von {Rechtswissenschaften} und {HCI}}, url = {http://dl.gi.de/handle/20.500.12116/24598}, doi = {10.1145/3340764.3340790}, abstract = {Die DSGVO regelt derzeit den Umgang mit personenbezogenen Daten grundlegend neu und eröffnet dadurch neue Spielräume. Gleichzeitig erzeugt sie große Unsicherheit unter den Betroffenen. Ein Beispiel hierfür sind Webtracker, die Gestaltern auf Basis zum Teil umfangreicher (personenbezogener) Datenerhebung helfen, die Utility und Usability ihrer Webseiten zu verbessern, oder Betreiber deren Finanzierung ermöglichen. Vor diesem Hintergrund zeigen wir in diesem Beitrag zunächst die praktische Relevanz von Webtracking durch die Sammlung der Webtracker der jeweils 100 populärsten Seiten der 28 EU-Mitglieder. Darauf aufbauend zeigen wir, welche Daten diese Tracker sammeln und analysieren Rechtsgrundlagen. Schließlich diskutieren wir mögliche gestalterische und architektonische Konsequenzen zur Erfüllung der rechtlich skizzierten Anforderungen unter Berücksichtigung der Benutzerperspektive.}, language = {de}, urldate = {2021-04-16}, author = {Jakobi, Timo and Seufert, Anna-Magdalena and Stevens, Gunnar and Becker, Max}, year = {2019}, note = {Accepted: 2019-08-22T04:36:34Z Publisher: ACM}, } -
Jakobi, T. (2019)Incorporating Usable Privacy into Connected Devices: A User-Centered Perspective
Dissertation, Siegen
[BibTeX] [Abstract]Due to the popularity of the Internet and the networked services that it facilitates, networked devices have become increasingly common in both the workplace and everyday life in recent years-following the trail blazed by smartphones. The data provided by these devices allow for the creation of rich user profiles. As a result, the collection, processing and exchange of such personal data have become drivers of economic growth. History shows that the adoption of new technologies is likely to influence both individual and societal concepts of privacy. Research into privacy has therefore been confronted with continuously changing concepts due to technological progress. From a legal perspective, privacy laws that reflect social values are sought. Privacy enhancing technologies are developed or adapted to take account of technological development. Organizations must also identify protective measures that are effective in terms of scalability and automation. Similarly, research is being conducted from the perspective of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) to explore design spaces that empower individuals to manage their protection needs with regard to novel data, which they may perceive as sensitive. Taking such an HCI perspective with regard to understanding privacy management on the Internet ofThings (IoT), this research mainly focuses on three interrelated goals across the fields of application: 1. Exploring and analyzing how people make sense of data, especially when managing privacy and data disclosure; 2. Identifying, framing and evaluating potential resources for designing sense-making processes; and 3. Exploring the fitness of the identified concepts for inclusion in legal and technical perspectives on supporting decisions regarding privacy on the IoT. Although this work’s point of departure is the HCI perspective, it emphasizes the importance of the interrelationships among seemingly independent perspectives. Their interdependence is therefore also emphasized and taken into account by subscribing to a user-centered design process throughout this study. More specifically, this thesis adopts a design case study approach. This approach makes it possible to conduct full user-centered design lifecycles in a concrete application case with participants in the context of everyday life. Based on this approach, it was possible to investigate several domains of the IoT that are currently relevant, namely smart metering, smartphones, smart homes and connected cars. The results show that the participants were less concerned about (raw) data than about the information that could potentially be derived from it. Against the background of the constant collection of highly technical and abstract data, the content of which only becomes visible through the application of complex algorithms, this study indicates that people should learn to explore and understand these data flexibly, and provides insights in how to design for supporting this aim. From the point of view of design for usable privacy protection measures, the information that is provided to users about data disclosure should be focused on the consequences thereof for users‘ environments and life. A related concept from law is „informed consent,“ which I propose should be further developed in order to implement usable mechanisms for individual privacy protection in the era of the IoT. Finally, this thesis demonstrates how research on HCI can be methodologically embedded in a regulative process that will inform both the development of technology and the drafting of legislation.
@phdthesis{jakobi_incorporating_2019, address = {Siegen}, type = {Dissertation}, title = {Incorporating {Usable} {Privacy} into {Connected} {Devices}: {A} {User}-{Centered} {Perspective}}, abstract = {Due to the popularity of the Internet and the networked services that it facilitates, networked devices have become increasingly common in both the workplace and everyday life in recent years-following the trail blazed by smartphones. The data provided by these devices allow for the creation of rich user profiles. As a result, the collection, processing and exchange of such personal data have become drivers of economic growth. History shows that the adoption of new technologies is likely to influence both individual and societal concepts of privacy. Research into privacy has therefore been confronted with continuously changing concepts due to technological progress. From a legal perspective, privacy laws that reflect social values are sought. Privacy enhancing technologies are developed or adapted to take account of technological development. Organizations must also identify protective measures that are effective in terms of scalability and automation. Similarly, research is being conducted from the perspective of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) to explore design spaces that empower individuals to manage their protection needs with regard to novel data, which they may perceive as sensitive. Taking such an HCI perspective with regard to understanding privacy management on the Internet ofThings (IoT), this research mainly focuses on three interrelated goals across the fields of application: 1. Exploring and analyzing how people make sense of data, especially when managing privacy and data disclosure; 2. Identifying, framing and evaluating potential resources for designing sense-making processes; and 3. Exploring the fitness of the identified concepts for inclusion in legal and technical perspectives on supporting decisions regarding privacy on the IoT. Although this work's point of departure is the HCI perspective, it emphasizes the importance of the interrelationships among seemingly independent perspectives. Their interdependence is therefore also emphasized and taken into account by subscribing to a user-centered design process throughout this study. More specifically, this thesis adopts a design case study approach. This approach makes it possible to conduct full user-centered design lifecycles in a concrete application case with participants in the context of everyday life. Based on this approach, it was possible to investigate several domains of the IoT that are currently relevant, namely smart metering, smartphones, smart homes and connected cars. The results show that the participants were less concerned about (raw) data than about the information that could potentially be derived from it. Against the background of the constant collection of highly technical and abstract data, the content of which only becomes visible through the application of complex algorithms, this study indicates that people should learn to explore and understand these data flexibly, and provides insights in how to design for supporting this aim. From the point of view of design for usable privacy protection measures, the information that is provided to users about data disclosure should be focused on the consequences thereof for users' environments and life. A related concept from law is "informed consent," which I propose should be further developed in order to implement usable mechanisms for individual privacy protection in the era of the IoT. Finally, this thesis demonstrates how research on HCI can be methodologically embedded in a regulative process that will inform both the development of technology and the drafting of legislation.}, school = {University of Siegen}, author = {Jakobi, Timo}, year = {2019}, keywords = {Thesis, Dissertation}, }
2018
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Ogonowski, C., Jakobi, T., Müller, C. & Hess, J. (2018)PRAXLABS: A sustainable framework for user-centered ICT development: Cultivating research experiences from Living Labs in the home
IN Wulf, V., Pipek, V., Randall, D., Rohde, M., Schmidt, K. & Stevens, G. (Eds.), Socio-Informatics – A Practice-based Perspective on the Design and Use of IT Artefacts
[BibTeX] [Download PDF]@incollection{ogonowski_praxlabs_2018, title = {{PRAXLABS}: {A} sustainable framework for user-centered {ICT} development: {Cultivating} research experiences from {Living} {Labs} in the home}, isbn = {978-0-19-873324-9}, url = {http://www.wineme.uni-siegen.de/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Chapter-10-Ogonowski-Praxlabs-approach-finished.pdf}, booktitle = {Socio-{Informatics} - {A} {Practice}-based {Perspective} on the {Design} and {Use} of {IT} {Artefacts}}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, author = {Ogonowski, Corinna and Jakobi, Timo and Müller, Claudia and Hess, Jan}, editor = {Wulf, Volker and Pipek, Volkmar and Randall, David and Rohde, Markus and Schmidt, Kjeld and Stevens, Gunnar}, year = {2018}, keywords = {PRAXLABS, italg}, pages = {319--360}, } -
Lehmann, J., Unbehaun, D., Jakobi, T., Wieching, R. & Wulf, V. (2018)Ethische Perspektiven AAL-und Monitoring-basierter Technologien im Pflegekontext
@article{lehmann_ethische_2018, title = {Ethische {Perspektiven} {AAL}-und {Monitoring}-basierter {Technologien} im {Pflegekontext}}, author = {Lehmann, Jasmin and Unbehaun, David and Jakobi, Timo and Wieching, Rainer and Wulf, Volker}, year = {2018}, } -
Jakobi, T., Stevens, G., Castelli, N., Ogonowski, C., Schaub, F., Vindice, N., Randall, D., Tolmie, P. & Wulf, V. (2018)Evolving Needs in IoT Control and Accountability: A Longitudinal Study on Smart Home Intelligibility
IN Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies, Vol. 2, Pages: 28 doi:https://doi.org/10.1145/3287049
[BibTeX]@article{jakobi_evolving_2018, title = {Evolving {Needs} in {IoT} {Control} and {Accountability}: {A} {Longitudinal} {Study} on {Smart} {Home} {Intelligibility}}, volume = {2}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3287049}, number = {4}, journal = {Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies}, author = {Jakobi, Timo and Stevens, Gunnar and Castelli, Nico and Ogonowski, Corinna and Schaub, Florian and Vindice, Nils and Randall, Dave and Tolmie, Peter and Wulf, Volker}, year = {2018}, pages = {28}, } -
Ogonowski, C., Jakobi, T., Müller, C. & Hess, J. (2018)PRAXLABS: A Sustainable Framework for User-Centered Information and Communication Technology Development-Cultivating Research Experiences from Living Labs in the Home
@article{ogonowski_praxlabs_2018-1, title = {{PRAXLABS}: {A} {Sustainable} {Framework} for {User}-{Centered} {Information} and {Communication} {Technology} {Development}-{Cultivating} {Research} {Experiences} from {Living} {Labs} in the {Home}}, author = {Ogonowski, Corinna and Jakobi, Timo and Müller, Claudia and Hess, Jan}, year = {2018}, keywords = {italg}, } -
Jakobi, T., Stevens, G. & Seufert, A. (2018)Privacy-By-Design für das Connected Car: Architekturen aus Verbrauchersicht
IN Datenschutz und Datensicherheit-DuD, Vol. 42, Pages: 704–707
[BibTeX]@article{jakobi_privacy-by-design_2018, title = {Privacy-{By}-{Design} für das {Connected} {Car}: {Architekturen} aus {Verbrauchersicht}}, volume = {42}, issn = {1614-0702}, number = {11}, journal = {Datenschutz und Datensicherheit-DuD}, author = {Jakobi, Timo and Stevens, Gunnar and Seufert, Anna-Magdalena}, year = {2018}, pages = {704--707}, } -
Stevens, G., Bossauer, P., Jakobi, T. & Pakusch, C. (2018)Mehrseitiges Vertrauen bei IoT-basierten Reputationssystemen
IN Mensch und Computer 2018-Workshopband
[BibTeX]@article{stevens_mehrseitiges_2018, title = {Mehrseitiges {Vertrauen} bei {IoT}-basierten {Reputationssystemen}}, journal = {Mensch und Computer 2018-Workshopband}, author = {Stevens, Gunnar and Bossauer, Paul and Jakobi, Timo and Pakusch, Christina}, year = {2018}, }
2017
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Castelli, N., Ogonowski, C., Jakobi, T., Stein, M., Stevens, G. & Wulf, V. (2017)What happened in my home?: An End-User Development Approach for Smart Home Data Visualization
Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI).
[BibTeX] [Abstract]Smart home systems change the way we experience the home. While there are established research fields within HCI for visualizing specific use cases of a smart home, studies targeting user demands on visualizations spanning across multiple use cases are rare. Especially, individual data-related demands pose a challenge for usable visualizations. To investigate potentials of an end-user development (EUD) approach for flexibly supporting such demands, we developed a smart home system featuring both pre-defined visualizations and a visualization creation tool. To evaluate our concept, we installed our prototype in 12 households as part of a Living Lab study. Results are based on three interview studies, a design workshop and system log data. We identified eight overarching interests in home data and show how participants used pre-defined visualizations to get an overview and the creation tool to not only address specific use cases but also to answer questions by creating temporary visualizations.
@inproceedings{castelli_what_2017, title = {What happened in my home?: {An} {End}-{User} {Development} {Approach} for {Smart} {Home} {Data} {Visualization}}, abstract = {Smart home systems change the way we experience the home. While there are established research fields within HCI for visualizing specific use cases of a smart home, studies targeting user demands on visualizations spanning across multiple use cases are rare. Especially, individual data-related demands pose a challenge for usable visualizations. To investigate potentials of an end-user development (EUD) approach for flexibly supporting such demands, we developed a smart home system featuring both pre-defined visualizations and a visualization creation tool. To evaluate our concept, we installed our prototype in 12 households as part of a Living Lab study. Results are based on three interview studies, a design workshop and system log data. We identified eight overarching interests in home data and show how participants used pre-defined visualizations to get an overview and the creation tool to not only address specific use cases but also to answer questions by creating temporary visualizations.}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the {Conference} on {Human} {Factors} in {Computing} {Systems} ({CHI})}, author = {Castelli, Nico and Ogonowski, Corinna and Jakobi, Timo and Stein, Martin and Stevens, Gunnar and Wulf, Volker}, year = {2017}, keywords = {PRAXLABS, SMARTLIVE, a-paper}, } -
Jakobi, T., Ogonowski, C., Castelli, N., Stevens, G. & Wulf, V. (2017)The Catch(es) with Smart Home – Experiences of a Living Lab Field Study
Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI).
[BibTeX]@inproceedings{jakobi_catches_2017, title = {The {Catch}(es) with {Smart} {Home} – {Experiences} of a {Living} {Lab} {Field} {Study}}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the {Conference} on {Human} {Factors} in {Computing} {Systems} ({CHI})}, author = {Jakobi, Timo and Ogonowski, Corinna and Castelli, Nico and Stevens, Gunnar and Wulf, Volker}, year = {2017}, keywords = {CSCW, PRAXLABS, A-Paper, SMARTLIVE, UUIS}, } -
Ogonowski, C., Castelli, N., Förmer, D., Hackbarth, K., Hennes, P., Jakobi, T., Mengi, A., Pursche, F. & Schulze-Sturm, S. (2017)SMARTLIVE: nachhaltige Innovationsentwicklung im Living Lab für Smart Home/Smart Energy: SMARTLIVE Abschlussbericht: Projektlaufzeit: 01.10. 2014-30.09. 2017
@article{ogonowski_smartlive_2017, title = {{SMARTLIVE}: nachhaltige {Innovationsentwicklung} im {Living} {Lab} für {Smart} {Home}/{Smart} {Energy}: {SMARTLIVE} {Abschlussbericht}: {Projektlaufzeit}: 01.10. 2014-30.09. 2017}, author = {Ogonowski, Corinna and Castelli, Nico and Förmer, Dirk and Hackbarth, Kai and Hennes, Philippe and Jakobi, Timo and Mengi, Anil and Pursche, Fabian and Schulze-Sturm, Stefan}, year = {2017}, } -
Stevens, G., Bossauer, P., Jakobi, T. & Pakusch, C. (2017)Second Dashboard: Information Demands in a Connected Car
IN Mensch und Computer 2017-Tagungsband
[BibTeX]@article{stevens_second_2017, title = {Second {Dashboard}: {Information} {Demands} in a {Connected} {Car}}, journal = {Mensch und Computer 2017-Tagungsband}, author = {Stevens, Gunnar and Bossauer, Paul and Jakobi, Timo and Pakusch, Christina}, year = {2017}, annote = {Publisher: Gesellschaft f\{ü\}r Informatik eV}, }
2016
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Stickel, O., Ogonowski, C., Jakobi, T., Gunnar, S., Pipek, V., Wulf, V., Stevens, G., Pipek, V., Wulf, V., Gunnar, S., Pipek, V. & Wulf, V. (2016)User Integration in Agile Software Development Processes: Practices and Challenges in Small and Medium Sized Enterprises
IN Cockton, G., Gregory, P., Lárusdóttir, M. & Cajander, A. (Eds.), Integrating User-Centred Design in Agile Development doi:10.1007/978-3-319-32165-3_1
[BibTeX] [Download PDF]@incollection{stickel_user_2016, title = {User {Integration} in {Agile} {Software} {Development} {Processes}: {Practices} and {Challenges} in {Small} and {Medium} {Sized} {Enterprises}}, isbn = {978-3-319-32163-9}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-32165-3_1 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-32165-3%7B_%7D1}, booktitle = {Integrating {User}-{Centred} {Design} in {Agile} {Development}}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland}, author = {Stickel, Oliver and Ogonowski, Corinna and Jakobi, Timo and Gunnar, Stevens and Pipek, Volkmar and Wulf, Volker and Stevens, Gunnar and Pipek, Volkmar and Wulf, Volker and Gunnar, Stevens and Pipek, Volkmar and Wulf, Volker}, editor = {Cockton, Gilbert and Gregory, Peggy and Lárusdóttir, Marta and Cajander, Asa}, year = {2016}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-32165-3_1}, keywords = {CSCW, PRAXLABS, SMARTLIVE, CUBES}, pages = {49--76}, annote = {Section: 2}, } -
Jakobi, T., Ogonowski, C., Castelli, N., Stevens, G. & Wulf, V. (2016)Smart Home Experience Journey: Über den Einsatz und die Wahrnehmung von Smart Home-Technologien im Alltag
IN WISSENSCHAFT TRIFFT PRAXIS, Pages: 12
[BibTeX] [Download PDF]@article{jakobi_smart_2016, title = {Smart {Home} {Experience} {Journey}: Über den {Einsatz} und die {Wahrnehmung} von {Smart} {Home}-{Technologien} im {Alltag}}, url = {http://www.connected-living.org/content/4-information/4-downloads/4-studien/1-wissenschaft-trifft-praxis-neue-formen-des-home-experience-design-juli-2016-quelle-mittelstand-digital/wissenschaft-trifft-praxis_neue-formen-des-home-experience-designs.pdf}, journal = {WISSENSCHAFT TRIFFT PRAXIS}, author = {Jakobi, Timo and Ogonowski, Corinna and Castelli, Nico and Stevens, Gunnar and Wulf, Volker}, year = {2016}, keywords = {SMARTLIVE, DBL}, pages = {12}, } -
Jakobi, T., Ogonowski, C., Castelli, N., Stevens, G. & Wulf, V. (2016)Das Zuhause smart machen – Erfahrungen aus Nutzersicht
Mensch & Computer: Tagungsband., Publisher: accepted, Pages: 1–10
[BibTeX] [Download PDF]@inproceedings{jakobi_zuhause_2016, title = {Das {Zuhause} smart machen – {Erfahrungen} aus {Nutzersicht}}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Corinna_Ogonowski/publication/307935722_Das_Zuhause_smart_machen_Erfahrungen_aus_Nutzersicht/links/57d2933508ae5f03b48caac4.pdf}, booktitle = {Mensch \& {Computer}: {Tagungsband}}, publisher = {accepted}, author = {Jakobi, Timo and Ogonowski, Corinna and Castelli, Nico and Stevens, Gunnar and Wulf, Volker}, year = {2016}, keywords = {PRAXLABS, SMARTLIVE, DBL, Smart Live}, pages = {1--10}, } -
Ogonowski, C., Förmer, D., Gussmann, S., Hennes, P., Hackbarth, K., Jakobi, T., Kersten, K., Läkamp, J., Mengi, A. & Pursche, F. (2016)Living Lab as a Service: Individuelle Dienstleistungen zur nutzerzentrierten Innovationsentwicklung im Smart Home
IN WISSENSCHAFT TRIFFT PRAXIS, Pages: 27
[BibTeX]@article{ogonowski_living_2016, title = {Living {Lab} as a {Service}: {Individuelle} {Dienstleistungen} zur nutzerzentrierten {Innovationsentwicklung} im {Smart} {Home}}, journal = {WISSENSCHAFT TRIFFT PRAXIS}, author = {Ogonowski, Corinna and Förmer, Dirk and Gussmann, Svenja and Hennes, Philippe and Hackbarth, Kai and Jakobi, Timo and Kersten, Konstantin and Läkamp, Jens and Mengi, Anil and Pursche, Fabian}, year = {2016}, keywords = {PRAXLABS, SMARTLIVE, DBL}, pages = {27}, } -
Castelli, N., Stevens, G., Jakobi, T. & Schönau, N. (2016)Beyond Eco-feedback: Using Room as a Context to Design New Eco-support Features at Home
IN Advances and \New\ \Trends\ in \Environmental\ and \Energy\ \Informatics\
[BibTeX]@incollection{castelli_beyond_2016, title = {Beyond {Eco}-feedback: {Using} {Room} as a {Context} to {Design} {New} {Eco}-support {Features} at {Home}}, booktitle = {Advances and \{{New}\} \{{Trends}\} in \{{Environmental}\} and \{{Energy}\} \{{Informatics}\}}, publisher = {Springer, Cham}, author = {Castelli, Nico and Stevens, Gunnar and Jakobi, Timo and Schönau, Niko}, year = {2016}, pages = {177--195}, } -
Jakobi, T., Castelli, N., Nolte, A., Schönau, N. & Stevens, G. (2016)Towards Collaborative Green Business Process Management as a Conceptual Framework
IN Advances and New Trends in Environmental and Energy Informatics
[BibTeX]@incollection{jakobi_towards_2016, title = {Towards {Collaborative} {Green} {Business} {Process} {Management} as a {Conceptual} {Framework}}, booktitle = {Advances and {New} {Trends} in {Environmental} and {Energy} {Informatics}}, publisher = {Springer, Cham}, author = {Jakobi, Timo and Castelli, Nico and Nolte, Alexander and Schönau, Niko and Stevens, Gunnar}, year = {2016}, pages = {275--293}, }
2015
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Jakobi, T. & Stevens, G. (2015)Energy saving at work – and when not working! Insights from a comparative study
IN Proceedings of EnviroInfo ’15, Pages: 180–189 doi:10.2991/ict4s-env-15.2015.21
[BibTeX] [Download PDF]@article{jakobi_energy_2015, title = {Energy saving at work - and when not working! {Insights} from a comparative study}, url = {http://www.atlantis-press.com/php/paper-details.php?id=25836165}, doi = {10.2991/ict4s-env-15.2015.21}, journal = {Proceedings of EnviroInfo '15}, author = {Jakobi, Timo and Stevens, Gunnar}, year = {2015}, keywords = {PRAXLABS, SMARTLIVE, DBL}, pages = {180--189}, annote = {ISBN: 978-94-6252-092-9 Publisher: Atlantis Press}, } -
Stickel, O., Ogonowski, C., Jakobi, T., Stevens, G., Pipek, V. & Wulf, V. (2015)Praktiken der Nutzerintegration im Entwicklungsprozess von KMU
Mensch & Computer: Tagungsband (Honorable Mention). Stuttgart, Publisher: De Gruyter Oldenbourg, Pages: 103–112
[BibTeX] [Download PDF]@inproceedings{stickel_praktiken_2015, address = {Stuttgart}, title = {Praktiken der {Nutzerintegration} im {Entwicklungsprozess} von {KMU}}, url = {http://dl.mensch-und-computer.de/handle/123456789/4603 http://www.degruyter.com/dg/viewbooktoc.chapterlist.resultlinks.fullcontentlink:pdfeventlink/$002fbooks$002f9783110443929$002f9783110443929-012$002f9783110443929-012.pdf?t:ac=produ}, booktitle = {Mensch \& {Computer}: {Tagungsband} ({Honorable} {Mention})}, publisher = {De Gruyter Oldenbourg}, author = {Stickel, Oliver and Ogonowski, Corinna and Jakobi, Timo and Stevens, Gunnar and Pipek, Volkmar and Wulf, Volker}, editor = {Diefenbach, Sarah and Henze, Niels and Pielot, Martin}, year = {2015}, keywords = {CSCW, PRAXLABS, SMARTLIVE, DBL, CUBES}, pages = {103--112}, } -
Ogonowski, C., Jakobi, T., Stevens, G. & Meurer, J. (2015)Living Lab As A Service: Das Living Lab als Dienstleistungsbaukasten zur Nutzer-zentrierten Entwicklung und Evaluation innovativer Smart Home Lösungen
Mensch & Computer: Workshopband. Stuttgart, Publisher: Oldenbourg Wissensverlag, Pages: 701–711
[BibTeX] [Download PDF]@inproceedings{ogonowski_living_2015, address = {Stuttgart}, title = {Living {Lab} {As} {A} {Service}: {Das} {Living} {Lab} als {Dienstleistungsbaukasten} zur {Nutzer}-zentrierten {Entwicklung} und {Evaluation} innovativer {Smart} {Home} {Lösungen}}, url = {http://www.degruyter.com/dg/viewbooktoc.chapterlist.resultlinks.fullcontentlink:pdfeventlink/$002fbooks$002f9783110443905$002f9783110443905-094$002f9783110443905-094.pdf?t:ac=product/462127}, booktitle = {Mensch \& {Computer}: {Workshopband}}, publisher = {Oldenbourg Wissensverlag}, author = {Ogonowski, Corinna and Jakobi, Timo and Stevens, Gunnar and Meurer, Johanna}, editor = {Weisbecker, A and Burmester, M and Schmidt, A}, year = {2015}, keywords = {PRAXLABS, SMARTLIVE, DBL, LivingLabEnergy}, pages = {701--711}, } -
Jakobi, T. & Stevens, G. (2015)Potentials of energy consumption measurements in office environments
Proceeding of ICT4S ’15., Publisher: Atlantis Press, Pages: 345–352 doi:10.2991/ict4s-env-15.2015.39
[BibTeX] [Download PDF]@inproceedings{jakobi_potentials_2015, title = {Potentials of energy consumption measurements in office environments}, isbn = {978-94-6252-092-9}, url = {http://www.atlantis-press.com/php/paper-details.php?id=25836183}, doi = {10.2991/ict4s-env-15.2015.39}, booktitle = {Proceeding of {ICT4S} '15}, publisher = {Atlantis Press}, author = {Jakobi, Timo and Stevens, Gunnar}, year = {2015}, keywords = {SMARTLIVE}, pages = {345--352}, } -
Schwartz, T., Stevens, G., Jakobi, T., Denef, S., Ramirez, L., Wulf, V. & Randall, D. (2015)What people do with consumption feedback: a long-term living lab study of a home energy management system
IN Interacting with Computers, Vol. 27, Pages: 551–576
[BibTeX]@article{schwartz_what_2015, title = {What people do with consumption feedback: a long-term living lab study of a home energy management system}, volume = {27}, issn = {0953-5438}, number = {6}, journal = {Interacting with Computers}, author = {Schwartz, Tobias and Stevens, Gunnar and Jakobi, Timo and Denef, Sebastian and Ramirez, Leonardo and Wulf, Volker and Randall, Dave}, year = {2015}, keywords = {sustainability, user studies, empirical studies in interaction design}, pages = {551--576}, } -
Castelli, N., Schönau, N., Stevens, G., Schwartz, T. & Jakobi, T. (2015)Role-based Eco-info Systems: An Organizational Theoretical View of Sustainable HCI at Work
, Publisher: ECIS
[BibTeX] [Download PDF]@inproceedings{castelli_role-based_2015, title = {Role-based {Eco}-info {Systems}: {An} {Organizational} {Theoretical} {View} of {Sustainable} {HCI} at {Work}}, shorttitle = {Role-based {Eco}-info {Systems}}, url = {http://aisel.aisnet.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1023&context=ecis2015_cr}, publisher = {ECIS}, author = {Castelli, Nico and Schönau, Niko and Stevens, Gunnar and Schwartz, Tobias and Jakobi, Timo}, year = {2015}, keywords = {SMARTLIVE, UUIS}, }
2014
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Castelli, N., Ogonowski, C., Stevens, G. & Jakobi, T. (2014)Placing information at home
UbiComp ’14 Adjunct Proceedings. New York, New York, USA, Publisher: ACM Press, Pages: 919–922 doi:10.1145/2638728.2641548
[BibTeX] [Download PDF]@inproceedings{castelli_placing_2014-1, address = {New York, New York, USA}, title = {Placing information at home}, isbn = {978-1-4503-3047-3}, url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2638728.2641548}, doi = {10.1145/2638728.2641548}, booktitle = {{UbiComp} '14 {Adjunct} {Proceedings}}, publisher = {ACM Press}, author = {Castelli, Nico and Ogonowski, Corinna and Stevens, Gunnar and Jakobi, Timo}, month = sep, year = {2014}, keywords = {PRAXLABS, SMARTLIVE, context-awareness, eco-feedback, consumption feedback, hems, home energy management system, indoor-positioning}, pages = {919--922}, } -
Jakobi, T., Stevens, G. & Schwartz, T. (2014)Verhaltensbasiertes Energiesparen am Arbeitsplatz: Ergebnisse einer vergleichenden Studie
Multikonferenz Wirtschaftsinformatik (MKWI)., Publisher: Universit\\\\ä\\\\tsverlag Paderborn, Pages: 76–88
[BibTeX]@inproceedings{jakobi_verhaltensbasiertes_2014, title = {Verhaltensbasiertes {Energiesparen} am {Arbeitsplatz}: {Ergebnisse} einer vergleichenden {Studie}}, booktitle = {Multikonferenz {Wirtschaftsinformatik} ({MKWI})}, publisher = {Universit\{\{\}\{ä\}\{\}\}tsverlag Paderborn}, author = {Jakobi, Timo and Stevens, Gunnar and Schwartz, Tobias}, year = {2014}, keywords = {PRAXLABS}, pages = {76--88}, } -
Schönau, N., Schwartz, T., Jakobi, T., Castelli, N. & Stevens, G. (2014)Findings of an Action Research on implementing an Integrated Energy Management in a German SME
BIS-Verlag., Publisher: BIS-Verlag, Pages: 581–588
[BibTeX]@inproceedings{schonau_findings_2014, title = {Findings of an {Action} {Research} on implementing an {Integrated} {Energy} {Management} in a {German} {SME}}, booktitle = {{BIS}-{Verlag}}, publisher = {BIS-Verlag}, author = {Schönau, Niko and Schwartz, Tobias and Jakobi, Timo and Castelli, Nico and Stevens, Gunnar}, editor = {Jorge Marx Gómez Michael Sonnenschein, Ute Vogel Andreas Winter Barbara Rapp Nils Giesen}, year = {2014}, keywords = {LivingLabEnergy}, pages = {581--588}, } -
Castelli, N., Stevens, G., Jakobi, T. & Ogonowski, C. (2014)Placing information at home: using room context in domestic design
, Publisher: ACM, Pages: 919–922
[BibTeX]@inproceedings{castelli_placing_2014, title = {Placing information at home: using room context in domestic design}, isbn = {1-4503-3047-9}, publisher = {ACM}, author = {Castelli, Nico and Stevens, Gunnar and Jakobi, Timo and Ogonowski, Corinna}, year = {2014}, pages = {919--922}, } -
Jakobi, T., Castelli, N., Nolte, A., Stevens, G. & Schönau, N. (2014)Towards Collaborative Green Business Process Management
BIS-Verlag., Publisher: BIS-Verlag, Pages: 683–690
[BibTeX]@inproceedings{jakobi_towards_2014, title = {Towards {Collaborative} {Green} {Business} {Process} {Management}}, booktitle = {{BIS}-{Verlag}}, publisher = {BIS-Verlag}, author = {Jakobi, Timo and Castelli, Nico and Nolte, Alexander and Stevens, Gunnar and Schönau, Niko}, editor = {Jorge Marx Gómez Michael Sonnenschein, Ute Vogel Andreas Winter Barbara Rapp Nils Giesen}, year = {2014}, keywords = {PRAXLABS, SMARTLIVE, LivingLabEnergy}, pages = {683--690}, } -
Schwartz, T., Stevens, G., Jakobi, T., Denef, S., Ramirez, L., Wulf, V. & Randall, D. (2014)What People Do with Consumption Feedback: A Long-Term Living Lab Study of a Home Energy Management System
IN Interacting with Computers, Vol. 27, Pages: 1–26 doi:10.1093/iwc/iwu009
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]One of the great societal challenges that we face today concerns the move to more sustainable patterns of energy consumption, reflecting the need to balance both individual consumer choice and societal demands. In order for this ‘energy turnaround‘ to take place, however, reducing residential energy consumption must go beyond using energy-efficient devices: More sustainable behaviour and lifestyles are essential parts of future ‘energy aware‘ living. Addressing this issue from an HCI perspective, this paper presents the results of a 3-year research project dealing with the co-design and appropriation of a Home Energy Management System (HEMS) that has been rolled out in a living lab setting with seven households for a period of 18 months. Our HEMS is inspired by feedback systems in Sustainable Interaction Design and allows the monitoring of energy consumption in real-time. In contrast to existing research mainly focusing on how technology can persuade people to consume less energy (‘what technology does to people‘), our study focuses on the appropriation of energy feedback systems (‘what people do with technology‘) and how newly developed practices can become a resource for future technology design. Therefore, we deliberately followed an open research design. In keeping with this approach, our study uncovers various responses, practices and obstacles of HEMS use. We show that HEMS use is characterized by a number of different features. Recognizing the distinctive patterns of technology use in the different households and the evolutionary character of that use within the households, we conclude with a discussion of these patterns in relation to existing research and their meaning for the design of future HEMSs.
@article{schwartz_what_2014, title = {What {People} {Do} with {Consumption} {Feedback}: {A} {Long}-{Term} {Living} {Lab} {Study} of a {Home} {Energy} {Management} {System}}, volume = {27}, issn = {0953-5438, 1873-7951}, url = {http://iwc.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2014/04/05/iwc.iwu009 https://doi.org/10.1093/iwc/iwu009}, doi = {10.1093/iwc/iwu009}, abstract = {One of the great societal challenges that we face today concerns the move to more sustainable patterns of energy consumption, reflecting the need to balance both individual consumer choice and societal demands. In order for this ‘energy turnaround' to take place, however, reducing residential energy consumption must go beyond using energy-efficient devices: More sustainable behaviour and lifestyles are essential parts of future ‘energy aware' living. Addressing this issue from an HCI perspective, this paper presents the results of a 3-year research project dealing with the co-design and appropriation of a Home Energy Management System (HEMS) that has been rolled out in a living lab setting with seven households for a period of 18 months. Our HEMS is inspired by feedback systems in Sustainable Interaction Design and allows the monitoring of energy consumption in real-time. In contrast to existing research mainly focusing on how technology can persuade people to consume less energy (‘what technology does to people'), our study focuses on the appropriation of energy feedback systems (‘what people do with technology') and how newly developed practices can become a resource for future technology design. Therefore, we deliberately followed an open research design. In keeping with this approach, our study uncovers various responses, practices and obstacles of HEMS use. We show that HEMS use is characterized by a number of different features. Recognizing the distinctive patterns of technology use in the different households and the evolutionary character of that use within the households, we conclude with a discussion of these patterns in relation to existing research and their meaning for the design of future HEMSs.}, number = {6}, journal = {Interacting with Computers}, author = {Schwartz, Tobias and Stevens, Gunnar and Jakobi, Timo and Denef, Sebastian and Ramirez, Leonardo and Wulf, Volker and Randall, Dave}, year = {2014}, keywords = {PRAXLABS, SMARTLIVE, sustainability, design, DBL, editorial board member, empirical studies in interaction, interacting with computers, user studies}, pages = {1--26}, annote = {Publisher: Oxford University Press}, } -
Castelli, N., Stevens, G., Jakobi, T. & Schönau, N. (2014)Switch off the light in the living room, please! –Making eco-feedback meaningful through room context information
Proceedings of the 28th EnviroInfo 2014 Conference. Oldenburg, Publisher: BIS-Verlag, Pages: 589–596
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]Residential and commercial buildings are responsible for about 40\% of the EU’s total energy co n- sumption. However, conscious, sustainable use of this limited resource is hampered by a lack of visibility and materiality of consumption. One of the major challenges is enabling consumers to make informed decisions about energy consumption, thereby supporting the shift to sustainable a c- tions. With the use of Energy-Management-Systems it is possible to save up to 15\%. In recent years, design approaches have greatly diversified, but with the emergence of ubiquitous- and co n- text-aware computing, energy feedback solutions can be enriched with additional context info r- mation. In this study, we present the concept “ room as a context ” for eco-feedback systems. We investigate opportunities of making current state- of-the-art energy visualizations more meaningful and demonstrate which new forms of visualizations can be created with this additional info r- mation. Furthermore, we developed a prototype for android-based tablets, which includes some of the presented features to study our design concepts in the wild.
@inproceedings{castelli_switch_2014, address = {Oldenburg}, title = {Switch off the light in the living room, please! –{Making} eco-feedback meaningful through room context information}, url = {http://enviroinfo.eu/sites/default/files/pdfs/vol8514/0589.pdf}, abstract = {Residential and commercial buildings are responsible for about 40\% of the EU's total energy co n- sumption. However, conscious, sustainable use of this limited resource is hampered by a lack of visibility and materiality of consumption. One of the major challenges is enabling consumers to make informed decisions about energy consumption, thereby supporting the shift to sustainable a c- tions. With the use of Energy-Management-Systems it is possible to save up to 15\%. In recent years, design approaches have greatly diversified, but with the emergence of ubiquitous- and co n- text-aware computing, energy feedback solutions can be enriched with additional context info r- mation. In this study, we present the concept “ room as a context ” for eco-feedback systems. We investigate opportunities of making current state- of-the-art energy visualizations more meaningful and demonstrate which new forms of visualizations can be created with this additional info r- mation. Furthermore, we developed a prototype for android-based tablets, which includes some of the presented features to study our design concepts in the wild.}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 28th {EnviroInfo} 2014 {Conference}}, publisher = {BIS-Verlag}, author = {Castelli, Nico and Stevens, Gunnar and Jakobi, Timo and Schönau, Niko}, editor = {Jorge Marx Gómez Michael Sonnenschein, Ute Vogel Andreas Winter Barbara Rapp Nils Giesen}, year = {2014}, keywords = {PRAXLABS, SMARTLIVE, DBL, LivingLabEnergy}, pages = {589--596}, } -
Stevens, G., Jakobi, T. & Detken, K. (2014)Mehrseitige, barrierefreie Sicherheit intelligenter Messsysteme
IN Datenschutz und Datensicherheit, Vol. 38, Pages: 536–544
[BibTeX] [Download PDF]@article{stevens_mehrseitige_2014, title = {Mehrseitige, barrierefreie {Sicherheit} intelligenter {Messsysteme}}, volume = {38}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11623-014-0180-z}, number = {8/2014}, journal = {Datenschutz und Datensicherheit}, author = {Stevens, Gunnar and Jakobi, Timo and Detken, Kai-Oliver}, year = {2014}, keywords = {PRAXLABS, SMARTLIVE, DBL}, pages = {536--544}, }
2013
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Jakobi, T. & Stevens, G. (2013)Always beta: cooperative design in the smart home
Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing, Adjunct Publication., Publisher: ACM, Pages: 837–844
[BibTeX]@inproceedings{jakobi_always_2013, title = {Always beta: cooperative design in the smart home}, booktitle = {Pervasive and {Ubiquitous} {Computing}, {Adjunct} {Publication}}, publisher = {ACM}, author = {Jakobi, Timo and Stevens, Gunnar}, year = {2013}, keywords = {PRAXLABS, SMARTLIVE}, pages = {837--844}, } -
Müller, C., Neufeldt, C., Jakobi, T. & Wulf, V. (2013)Ankerpunkte für das Participatory Design mit älteren Menschen
Mensch & Computer: Workshopband. München, Publisher: Oldenbourg Verlag, Pages: 347–354
[BibTeX] [Download PDF]@inproceedings{muller_ankerpunkte_2013, address = {München}, title = {Ankerpunkte für das {Participatory} {Design} mit älteren {Menschen}}, url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=cVfpBQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA347&dq=info:SYqyqHLZHr4J:scholar.google.com&ots=_zT5Vmmg8b&sig=geLDLpiN1fpY9UDmArokpnMhtv4}, booktitle = {Mensch \& {Computer}: {Workshopband}}, publisher = {Oldenbourg Verlag}, author = {Müller, Claudia and Neufeldt, Cornelius and Jakobi, Timo and Wulf, Volker}, year = {2013}, keywords = {PRAXLABS, DBL, italg}, pages = {347--354}, }
2012
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Jakobi, T. (2012)Integrierte Heim Energie Monitoringsysteme (HEMS) für iTV – Eine LivingLab basierte Design-Fallstudie (Masterarbeit)
@mastersthesis{jakobi_integrierte_2012, title = {Integrierte {Heim} {Energie} {Monitoringsysteme} ({HEMS}) für {iTV} - {Eine} {LivingLab} basierte {Design}-{Fallstudie} ({Masterarbeit})}, url = {http://www.wineme.uni-siegen.de/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/ma_jakobi_integrierte_heim_energie_monitoringsysteme_fuer_itv.pdf}, author = {Jakobi, Timo}, year = {2012}, keywords = {Thesis, Masterthesis}, } -
Jakobi, T. & Schwartz, T. (2012)Putting the user in charge: end user development for eco-feedback technologies
Sustainable Internet and ICT for Sustainability (SustainIT), 2012., Publisher: IEEE, Pages: 1–4
[BibTeX]@inproceedings{jakobi_putting_2012, title = {Putting the user in charge: end user development for eco-feedback technologies}, booktitle = {Sustainable {Internet} and {ICT} for {Sustainability} ({SustainIT}), 2012}, publisher = {IEEE}, author = {Jakobi, Timo and Schwartz, Tobias}, year = {2012}, keywords = {PRAXLABS, SMARTLIVE}, pages = {1--4}, }
2011
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Jakobi, T., Stevens, G. & Schwartz, T. (2011)EUD @ Smart Homes Smart refurbishment of rented apartments to improve energy efficiency
IN IS-EUD’11 Workshop on EUD for Supporting Sustainability in Maker Communities, Pages: 1–8
[BibTeX]@article{jakobi_eud_2011, title = {{EUD} @ {Smart} {Homes} {Smart} refurbishment of rented apartments to improve energy efficiency}, journal = {IS-EUD'11 Workshop on EUD for Supporting Sustainability in Maker Communities}, author = {Jakobi, Timo and Stevens, Gunnar and Schwartz, Tobias}, year = {2011}, keywords = {SMARTLIVE, DBL, end user development, diy, home energy management systems, smart home, smart metering, sustainable interaction design}, pages = {1--8}, }